Intro To Nervous System

Question 1

What does the Prosencephalon (forebrain) turn into?

Answer 1

1.
Embryonic brain -> Telencephalon
Adult brain -> Cerebral cortex & Cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia, basal forebrain, amygdala)
Associated ventricle space -> Lateral Ventricles

2. Embryonic brain -> Diencephalon
   Adult brain -> Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Retina
   Associated ventricle space -> Third Ventricle

Question 2

What does the Mesencephalon (midbrain) turn into? (Embryonic brain)

Answer 2

Adult brain -> Superior and inferior colliculi, Red nucleus, Substantia nigra
Associated ventricular space -> Cerebral aqueduct

Question 3

What does the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) turn into?

Answer 3

1.
Embryonic brain -> Metencephalon
Adult brain -> Cerebellum and Pons
Associated ventricular space -> Fourth Ventricle

2.
Embryonic brain -> Myelencephalon
Adult brain -> Medulla Oblongata
Associated ventricular space -> Fourth Ventricle

Question 4

What is the Associated ventricular space for the spinal cord?

Answer 4

Central canal

Question 5

What is Grey Matter?

Answer 5

Accumulation of neuron CELL BODIES and neurophil
- Cortex, nucleus, ganglion

SITE OF COMMUNICATION

Question 6

What is White Matter?

Answer 6

Primarily axons
- White in appearance secondary to myelin (more fat in this area)
- Tract, peduncle, commissure, lamina

HIGHWAY OF COMMUNICATION, PATHWAY, SENDS SIGNALS

Question 7

What makes up the Cerebral Hemisphere and what are their functions?

Answer 7

Overall Function: Higher level processing

1. Frontal Lobe: thoughts, decision making and planning, actions
2. Parietal Lobe: sensation and perception (identifying what something is)
3. Temporal Lobe: hearing and memory
4. Occipital Lobe: vision
5. Insula: somatosensory

• Cerebral hemisphere is basically the whole brain *

Question 8

What makes up the Cerebellum and what is its function?

Answer 8

Posterior to Brainstem
- Two cerebellar hemispheres
- Connected to the brainstem via peduncles
-> Superior, Middle, Inferior

Function: Coordinates movement

Question 9

What are the functions of the brainstem?

Answer 9

• Everything goes through here *
  1. Provides afferent and receives efferent input from the cranial nerves
  2. Passage for all ascending sensory information, descending motor pathways, and local pathways that connect eye movement centers
  3. Provides and receives information from the cerebellum
  4. Facilitates critical autonomic functions (breathing and cardiovascular regulation)
  5. Regulator of consciousness

Question 10

What are the Grey Matter Subcortical structures

Answer 10

Diencephalon
- Thalamus (sensory processing/integration)
- Hypothalamus (homeostasis)
- Epithalamus (pineal gland)
- Subthalamus (functions w/ basal ganglia)

Basal Ganglia (motor function)
- Comprised of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

Basal Forebrain (site of cholinergic projections)
Hippocampal Formation (memory)
Amygdala (emotion)

Question 11

What are the White Matter Subcortical Structures ?

Answer 11

Corpus Callosum
- Connects R and L cerebral hemispheres

Internal Capsule
- Connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Anterior Commissure
- Connects the R and L temporal lobes

Fornix
- Interconnects the hippocampus and the hypothalamus and the basal forebrain

Question 12

What do Dorsal Roots do?

Answer 12

• Carry afferent sensory information
• Information from periphery to CNS

Question 13

What do Ventral Roots do?

Answer 13

• Carry efferent motor information
• Information from the CNS to skeletal muscle