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SP17: Anatomy Test 1 > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main three subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brainstem
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2
Q

What are the terms for axons in the CNS?

A

Tract, lemniscus, peduncle

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3
Q

_______ matter is myelinated and shows up blue/purple in images.

A

White.

Gray matter is unmyelinated and shoes up grey

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4
Q

Which plane cuts seperates the brain into left and right lobes?

A

Sagittal plane

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5
Q

Which plane seperates the brain into anterior and posterior?

A

Coronal plane

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6
Q

The Cell bodies and dendrites are composed of _______ matter while the axons are made of ______ matter.

A

Grey; white

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7
Q

Glutamate, GABA, and Acetylcholine are examples of ______________.

A

small molecule neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of __________.

A

Monoamines

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9
Q

ACTH and substance P are examples of _________.

A

Neuropeptides

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10
Q

The ridges of the brain are called ______ and the grooves are called _______.

A

Gyri; sulci

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11
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Limbic
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12
Q

What are the major parts of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri.
  2. Precentral gyrus and sulcus.
  3. Orbital gyri
  4. Gyrus rectus
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13
Q

What is the overall major function of the frontal lobe?

A

MOTOR

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14
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex, origin of decending motor pathway, initiates voluntary movements

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15
Q

Where are the supplemental motor areas?

A

Part of precentral, nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

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16
Q

Where is Broca’s area and what is its function?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus on only one hemisphere (normally left)

Production of spoken and written language

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17
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex and what is its function?

A

The rest of the frontal lobe

Does executive functions such as personality, foresight, insight, etc.

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18
Q

What are the major parts of the parietal lobe?

A

Lateral surface: postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule

Medial surface: precuneus, paracentral lobule

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19
Q

What is the major overall function of the parietal lobe?

A

SENSORY

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20
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex: initial procession of tactile and proprioceptive information

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21
Q

Which area of the parietal lobe is part of Wernike’s area involved with language comprehension?

A

Inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left)

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22
Q

What is the function of the rest of the parietal lobe?

A

Complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention

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23
Q

What are the major parts of the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral surface: superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

Inferior surface: occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

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24
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Superior surface of temporal lobe, part of superior temporal gyrus

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25
Q

What is in the posterior aspect of one hemisphere of the temporal lobe (normally left)?

A

Wernike’s area: language comprehension

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26
Q

T/F: Much of the temporal lobe is used for higher order visual processing?

A

True

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27
Q

What is the function of the medial temporal lobe (as well as part of limbic lobe)?

A

learning and memory

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28
Q

What are the main structures of the occipital lobe?

A

Lateral surface: lateral occipital gyri (variable configuration of gyri)

Medial surface: cuneus and lingual gyrus

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29
Q

What is the major function of the occipital lobe?

A

VISION

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30
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

In the banks of calcarine sulcus and a bit of surrounding cortex

31
Q

The ____________ cortex comprises the majority of the occipital lobe and is involved in higher order visual processing.

A

Visual association

32
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

33
Q

What function does the limbic lobe serve?

A

Important in emotional responses, drive-related behaviors, and memory

34
Q

Where is the insula and what is its function?

A

Buried deep in lateral sulcus.

Overlies site where telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during development

35
Q

What are the four divisions of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Subthalamus
36
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  1. Important in most CNS functions
  2. All sensory info except olfaction goes through thalamus to get to cerebral cortex
  3. Involved in motor system neural circuits
  4. Limbic system projections to cortex go through thalamus
37
Q

What seperates the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus in wall of third ventricle

38
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is visible on the inferior surface of the brain?

A

Mammillary bodies

39
Q

What connects hypothalamus with pituitary?

A

Infundibular stalk

40
Q

What is the major function of the hypothalamus?

A

Major visceral control center and has limbic functions

41
Q

What shape is often reoccurring in structures of the brain?

A

C-shape due to development

42
Q

What are the three divisions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
43
Q

What is the major function of the brainstem?

A

Convey information to and from the cerebrum

44
Q

Which two nerves do not connect to brainstem?

A

CNI (Olfactory): terminate in olfactory bulb

CNII (Optic): ends in thalamus after forming optic chiasm
*part of CNS, not PNS

45
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

CNIII (oculomotor): interpenduncular fossa

CNIV (trochlear): only CN to emerge from dorsal aspect of brainstem

46
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the pons?

A

CNV (trigeminal)
CNVI (abducens)
CNVII (facial)
CVIII (vestibulocochlear): emerges from cerebellopontine angle

47
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the medulla?

A

CNIX (glossophayngeal)
CNX (vagus)
CN XI (accessory): emerges from upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull and reverses back into neck
CNXII (hypoglossal)

48
Q

What is the role of the choroid plexus?

A

Makes cerebrospinal fluids

49
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

Suspends brain, regulates extracellular fluid composition and distribution of certain chemical messengers in the CNS

50
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricle from anterior to posterior?

A

Anterior horn, body, atrium, posterior horn, (circles around to form) inferior horn

51
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

52
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the venous system through _______ ______.

A

Arachnoid villi

53
Q

What might cause a swelling in the lateral and third ventricles?

A

Blockage of aqueduct would not allow CSF to flow out of third ventricle so it would swell everything upstream

54
Q

What is the purpose of the brain being suspended in the meninges?

A

Allow the brain to turn with the head

55
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A
  1. Dura mater: outermost and toughest
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater: innermost layer attached to CNS
56
Q

What is another name for the arachnoid and pia layers?

A

Leptomeninges

57
Q

Where in the meninges is the CNF located?

A

Subarachnoid space: between arachnoid and pia mater

58
Q

What can result from an increase in intracranial pressure?

A

A herniation of the brain where brain matter pushes through rural reflections (falx cerebri or tentorium cerebelli)

59
Q

What is the difference between an epidural hemorrhage and a subdural hemorrhage?

A

Epidural: tear of meningeal arteries to blood between skull and dura

Subdural: tear of bridging veins to blood in inner most dural layer

60
Q

Where does the superficial venous system typically drain? Deep venous system?

A

Superficial = superior Sagittal sinus

Deep = straight sinus

61
Q

What Is the function of the circle of willis?

A

Anastomoses the ACA, MCA, and PCA to allow for varied blood flow pathways in case of blockage

62
Q

Give a rough idea of the path of the ACA

A

Runs from circle of willis and enters the longitudinal fissure, then arches posteriorly and follows corpus callosum

63
Q

Where does the ACA supply blood?

A

Medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

64
Q

What connects the left and right ACAs?

A

Acomm (anterior communicating artery)

65
Q

What is the general path of the MCA and what does it supply?

A

Runs laterally into the lateral sulcus and divides into many branches

Supplies most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

What supplies the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule?

A

Perforating arteries

67
Q

Where does the basilar artery bifurcate? Into what arteries?

A

At the midbrain into 2 posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs)

68
Q

Which artery supplies anterior portions of the inferior surface of cerebellum and caudal pons?

A

AICA

69
Q

What supplies the superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain, and rostral pons?

A

SCA

70
Q

What supplies the inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla?

A

PICA

71
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and inferior surface of temporal and occipital lobes

72
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Isolates CNS from the blood, provides optimal conditions for neuronal function, controls movement of materials from body extracellular fluid to brain extracellular fluid

73
Q

What is the structure of the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions between capillary epithelial cells, capillary basal lamina, and astrocyte foot processes all help with the function of the BBB

74
Q

What substances can go through the BBB?

A

Lipid-soluble substances

SP17: Anatomy Test 1 (19 decks)

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