Intro To Neuro Flashcards by Noelia C Morales Cardona

Astrocytes

Involved in supportive structural and metabolic events

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Responsible for formation and maintenance of myelin

Oligodendrocytes

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Involved in motor of fine and gross body movements

Control of balance and equilibrium

Perception, cognition, emotions

Cerebellum

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Fluid between the ventricles and the meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

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Cell that lines the ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord

Facilitate nutrient transport, remove toxic metabolites

Ependymal cells

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4 domains each with 6 membrane spanning alpha helices

Na channel

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Blocke by local anesthetics like lidocaine, procaine and animal toxins (tetrodotoxin)

Na+ channels

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Some are open at resting potential

K+ channels

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Often blocked by Tetraethylammonium (TEA)

K+ channels

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Driving force for an ion is calculated:

Em-Eion

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Que iones pasan a través del receptor NMDA?

Que NT lo activa?

Na+ y Ca+

Glutamato

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Que iones pasan a traves del receptor AMPA?

Que NT lo activa?

Na+ y K+

Glutamato

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Receptor important in learning because only permits the entry of
Ca+ when postsynaptic neuron is depolarize by other synaptic inputs

NMDA

Glutamate

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Glutamate toxicity

Large amounts of glutamate activate many NMDA receptors causing excessive Ca+ entry (can be harmful to neurons)

May damage neurons after stoke, epileptic seizure, etc.

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Activados por benzodiazepine y barbituratos

Funcion?

GABA receptor

Aumentan su actividad inhibidora, funcionan como sedativos y anticonvulsantes

More Cl- influx

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Modulatory effect

Closing of K+ channels increases membrane input resistance, increasing size of other synaptic inputs and increasing neuronal excitability

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MAO substrates

Serotonin, Epi y Norepi

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SNRI’s

Displace serotonin, dopamine y Norepi from their storage in presynaptic nerve terminals

Ej: amphetamine

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SSRI and trycyclic Antidepressants

Block the re uptake of serotonin leading to increase concentrations of the NT in the synaptic cleft and enhance postsynaptic neuronal activity

Used to treat depression

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5-HT1B y D agonist

Triptans
Drugs useful abortive medication for the treatment of acute migraine

Bind those receptors in cranial vessels wich lead to vasoconstriction and decrease release of neuropeptides involved in “sterile inflammation”

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5-HT1A agonists

Buspirone

Use clinically for the treatment of anxiety an depression

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5-HT3

Agonist or antagonist?

Antagonist. Used in the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.

Asordansetron y Palonosetron

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Synthesis of Glutamate

From glucose via Krebs cycle

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What causes glutamate when it binds it’s G-coupled protein receptor?

Disminuye cAMP y aumenta IP3 y Ca+

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Why would you have NMDA and AMPA receptors on the same site at a synapse?

Because NMDA is regulated by Mg2+ | The activation of AMPA and the depolarization causes the expel of Mg2+ from the NMDA receptor

Que dos factores necesita NMDA receptor para ser activado?

Ademas de Glutamate 1-Glycine 2-expel de Mg2+ por depolarización de la membrana

Some anti epileptic receptor may block what receptors?

Glutamate receptors

Ketamine, an anesthesia, blocks what receptor? Also blocked by PCP (angle dust)

NMDA receptor can cause hallucinations

Synthesis of GABA

From glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

GABA receptors of slow transmission

Tipo B, metabotropico 1- aumenta K+ postsinaptico 2-disminuye el Ca+ presinaptico

GABA receptors of fast transmission

Tipo A | Aumenta Cl- channel

Baclofen in an agonist of ________ receptor that reduces muscle spasm by increasing inhibition in spinal cord

GABAb

Hyperekplexia

Caused by mutations in GLYCINE receptor Not enough Cl- passes Insufficient inhibition in spinal cord and generalized stiffness and excessive startle reflexes

Strychnine

Antagonist of glycine receptor Used to kill rodents causing muscular convulsions and asphyxia

Tetanus toxin

Cleaves vesicle proteins preventing release of Glycine and GABA Cause muscle rigidity

Histamine is produce by _______ and affects _______. It also regulates _________

Produced by posterior hypothalamus y afecta el entire CNS Regulation of arousal

Ab block Ach receptors at NMJ in what disease?

Myasthenia Gravis

This toxin inhibit ACh release at NMJ by cleaving SNARE proteins

Botulism toxin

Produce the bulk of the CSF and is located within each ventricle

Choroid plexus

Space in the spinal cord that contains the CSF

Subarachnoid space

Miniature end plate potential

Potential from single vesicle

Quantum

Amount of Ach of each synaptic vesicle

Quantal content

Total number of quanta released that cause the action potential

Overall control center for de ANS

Hypothalamus

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors activan qué cascada?

Phospholipasa C Aumentan IP3 y Calcio

Betha 1 y 2 adrenergic receptors activan qué cascada?

cAMP and PkA

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor inhibe que cascada?

cAMP

Propanolol y metoprolol son antagonistas de qué receptor?

B1 adrenergic

Unipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are derived from____________

Neural crest cells

Elevated leves of this protein significa un diagnostico de Neural Tube defects

Alfafetoprotein (AFP)

Tipo de Neural tube defect mas comun en PR

Spina Bifida

Type of neuron that receive sensory info , integrate and analyze it and stimulate then motor neurons

Interneuron

Part of the axon where action potential is propagated

Axon hillock

Type ___neurons have long axons while type ____neurons hace short axons

1 & 2 respectively

Proteina que lleva vesiculas hacia el soma

Dyneina

Proteina que lleva vesiculas de forma anterograda (to the periphery)

Kinesin

Slow transport in neurons is only in what direction

Anterograde

Part of the axon that is not covered by myelin

Axon hillock

Type of synapse that contain Gap Junctions that permit movement of ions between neurons. Do not require NT

Electrical synapse

Complejo que desmantela y recicla el SNARE complex

SNAP25

Proteina que enlaza Ca+ y reemplaza al SNARE complex en el proceso de exocitosis de vesículas con NTs

Synaptotagmin

Disease characterized by loss of dopamine secretin cells en Substantia Nigra y Basal Ganclia

Parkinson's disease

Type of intermediate filament found in astrocytes

GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein

Protoplasmic vs fibrous astrocytes

Protoplasmic= found in gray matter and have short branching foot processes Fibrous= found in white matter and have fewer processes but relatively straight (mas largos y flacos)

BBB offers free passage of ___________ and other selected molecules

Glucose

BBB is created by tight junctions between what cells

Endothelial cells

Gliosis

Microglial response to damage. Can include hypertrophy of these cells so it can ve reparative or destructive

When stained with heavy metal characterized by a branching cytoplasmic morphology When normal staining they show a elongated nuclei

Microglia

Cells that line the brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord Function:

Ependymal Cells Absorb CSF

Celulas que producen el CSF

Choroid Plexus

Name the 3 PNS connective tissue in the order they are found from outside of the nerve bulk to the inside

Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium

Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)

Grow factor que regula el grosor del myelin sheath

Neurons of the Dorsal root ganglia tend to be: Multipolar Pseudounipolar

Pseudounipolar

Satellite cells

Analogous of Schwann cells found in the dorsal root ganglia around the neurons present there Do not form myelin but have insulating properties

Sympathetic ganglia Type of neurons: Characteristic of their cytoplasm, presence of:

Structure that receives the presynaptic axons or neurons within CNS Neurons are multipolar Cytoplasm contain lipofucsin

Wallerian degeneration

Anterograde degeneration distal to the site of injury of the nerve fiber

Traumatic degeneration of a nerve

Occurs in the proximal part of the injured nerve. The cell body swells

Chromatolysis

Nissl bodies desintegration beacause of nerve injury and traumatic degeneration