intro to oncology/pharmacology Flashcards
(45 cards)
why are rates in cancer death decreasing
- prevention
- early detection
traits of cancer cells
- increased mutation rate
- replicate in absence of growth signal
- resist apoptosis
- contact independence
- epidermal mesenchymal transformation
- vascularize
- telomere extension
4 steps of carcinogenesis
- initiation
- promotion
- conversion/transformation
- progression
oncogene
mutated gene that leads to abnormal protein which drives malignant growth
“gain of function”
tumor suppressor gene
regulate and inhibit inappropriate cellular growth and proliferation
“loss of function”
in myelogenous leukemia bcr-abl does what
tells cell to grow independently of signaling
where does bcr-abl come from
piece of chromosome 9 gets put on chromosome 22
main tumor suppressor gene
p53
p53 action
- enforces negative regulation
- allows cell to halt growth to repair and make corrections
- inactivation allows for mutation
tests for breast screening
- self exam
- mammography
tests for colon/rectal screening
- FOBT/FIT
- flex sigmoidoscopy
- colonoscopy
tests for prostate screening
digital rectal exam/PSA
tests for cervical screening
pap smear
tests for endometrial screening
risk/symptoms only
7 warning signs of cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
what do we need in cancer diagnosis before starting treatment
biopsy
TNM classification
- Tumor size
- Nodal involvement
- Metastases
stage I
localized tumor
stage 2 and 3
local and regional extension
stage 4
distant metastases
treatment modalities (pillars of cancer care)
surgery radiation chemotherapy biological/targeted immunotherapy
treatments for local control
surgery
radiation
complete response
disappearance of all cancer w/o evidence of new disease for at least 1 month after
partial response
50% or greater decrease in tumor size or objective tumor markers and no evidence of new disease within 1 month
