intro to organic

Question 1

what are alkenes

Answer 1

an alkene has double bonds and is unsaturated
CnH2n

Question 2

what are Alkanes

Answer 2

only single bonds and is saturated
CnH2n+2

Question 3

what is the molecular formular

Answer 3

the exact number of atoms of each element

Question 4

what is the empirical formular

Answer 4

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in each element present in a molecule

to work out the molecule formular we need to know the Mr of the compound

Question 5

structural formular

Answer 5

shows how the atom are arranged in a molecule

Question 6

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 6

a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 7

what does saturated mean

Answer 7

contains single carbon carbon bonds only

Question 8

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 8

contains a c-c double bond

Question 9

what does the general formular mean

Answer 9

algebraic formular for homologous series

Question 10

what is the display formuler

Answer 10

shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Question 11

how do you draw the display formular

Answer 11

you draw all the carbon then add the hydrogens so that every carbon has four bonds

remember that when drawing saturated hydrocarbons it is tetrahedral so will have a bond angle of 109.5

Question 12

what is the skeletal formula

Answer 12

the skeletal formular shows the simplified organic formular shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 13

what is the functional group

Answer 13

the functional group is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

Question 14

what is a homologous series

Answer 14

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formular

Question 15

what are the properties of homologous series

Answer 15

-they show gradual change in physical properties
-each member differs by CH2 from the last
-same chemical properties

Question 16

what are the general rules for naming carbon atoms

Answer 16

-count the longest carbon chain and name appropriates
- find any branches and count how many carbons they contains
-add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain

Question 17

what is the rule for giving number to the branches and functional group

Answer 17

the functional group always gets the lowest number possible

Question 18

what do we do if there are two or more branches of the same group

Answer 18

the prefix di- tri- tetra- pentra- or hexa- are used

Question 19

what do we do do is ther are multiple branches of different groups

Answer 19

the groups are listed in alphabetical order ignoring any prefix

Question 20

what is geometric stereoisomerism

Answer 20

isomers are compounds with the same structural formular but have a different arrangement of atoms in a space

Question 21

what are the rules for geometric stereoisomers to occur

Answer 21

-must be a alkene (have a double bond)
-each C C double bond should have two different atoms bonded to them

Question 22

how does geometric stereoisomers come about

Answer 22

the presence of a pie bond means there is restricted rotation about the planer CC double carbon bond

Question 23

what does it mean if you see CIP

Answer 23

it means your are looking for the highest priority group

Question 24

what is the highest priority group

Answer 24

the atom with the highest atomic number

Question 25

what does it mean if an atom is Z (cis)

Answer 25

it means that the two highest priority group atoms are on the same side ( both top or both bottom)

Question 26

what does it mean if an atom is E (trans)

Answer 26

it means the two element of the highest priority group are on opposite sides (one is top and one is bottom)

Question 27

how do you tell if a molecule is E or Z if the branches are not single elements

Answer 27

you look at the first atoms and see which is the highest priority group if they are the same move along to the second atom of each and see and repeat this till you find which one is of higher priority

Question 28

what is a halogen alkane

Answer 28

the presence of a polar bond in the halogenoalkanes means they are more reactive then alkanes

Question 29

what is the general formular of halogen alkanes

Answer 29

CnH2nX where X= F, Cl, Br and I

Question 30

what is the functional group of halogenoalkanes

Answer 30

C-X + -

Question 31

what are the prefixes for halogenoalkanes

Answer 31

fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-,

Question 32

in a halogenoalkane which has the priority the alkene group or the halogenoalkane group

Answer 32

the alkane group has the priority so it gets the lowest number

Question 33

what is the prefix / suffix for alcohol

Answer 33

suffix- ol prefix- hydroxy

Question 34

what do you do if there is more then one OH group in an alcohol

Answer 34

then di or tri is used and an e gets added to the stem name e.g propane-1,2,3-triol

Question 35

what are structural isomers

Answer 35

they have the same molecular formular but different structures

Question 36

what are the three different types of structural isomers

Answer 36

chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional group isomerism

Question 37

what are chain isomerism

Answer 37

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

Question 38

what are position isomers

Answer 38

compounds with the same molecular formular but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

Question 39

what us a terminal in a straight chained alkene

Answer 39

a carbon that is only bonded to one other carbon

Question 40

what is a aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 40

contains chains

Question 41

what is a alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 41

contains rings

Question 42

what is a aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 42

contains benzene rings