intro to organic chem Flashcards
(69 cards)
22
Q
Define General Formula
A
An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
23
Q
Define Empirical formula
A
Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
24
Q
Define Molecular formula
A
Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
25
Q
Define Structural Formula
A
Shows the atoms carbon by carbon + attached hydrogens & functional groups
26
Q
Define Skeletal Formula
A
Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton ONLY + any functional groups
27
Q
Define Displayed Formula
A
Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them
32
Q
What is the functional group for aldehydes?
A
oxygen to primary carbon
33
Q
What is the functional group for ketones?
A
oxygen to secondary carbon
34
Q
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
A
35
Q
What is the functional group for nitriles?
A
36
Q
What is the functional group for amines?
A
39
Q
What is the functional group for alkanes?
A
C—C
40
Q
What is the functional group for alkenes?
A
C=C
41
Q
What is the functional group for alcohols?
A
C—OH
42
Q
What is the functional group for haloalkanes?
A
C—halogen
48
Q
What is suffix for alkenes?
A
-ene
49
Q
What is suffix & prefix for alcohols?
A
-ol & hydroxy-
50
Q
What is the prefix for haloalkanes? (4x)
A
- fluoro-
- chloro-
- bromo-
- iodo-
51
Q
What is the suffix for aldehydes?
A
-(an)al
52
Q
What is the prefix & suffix for ketones?
A
oxo- & -(an)one
53
Q
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
A
-(an)oic acid
54
Q
What is the suffix for nitriles?
A
-(anen)nitrile
55
Q
What is the prefix & suffix for amines?
A
-(yl)amine & amino-
56
Q
What is the general formula for alkanes?
A
CnH2n+2
(n = 1,2,3 etc.)
57
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
| (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
58
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
| (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
59
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
| (n = 0,1,2 etc.)
60
What is the general formula for haloalkanes?
CnH2n+1X
(n = 1,2,3 etc.)
(X = F, Cl etc.)
61
What is the general formula for primary amines?
CnH2n+1NH2
| (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
62
What is the general formula for aldehydes?
CnH2n+1CHO
| (n = 0,1,2 etc.)
63
What is the general formula for ketones?
CmH2m+1COCnH2n+1
| (m & n = 0,1,2 etc.)
64
What is a chain isomer?
* Same molecular formula
* Hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently
65
What is a positional isomer?
* Compounds with same molecular formula
* But different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on
* The same carbon chain
66
What are functional group isomers?
* Same molecular formula
* Have the same atoms but have different functional groups
67
Name 5 features of a homologous series
1. Chemically similar / react in same way
2. Each successive member differs by CH2
3. Same general formula
4. Same functional group
5. Gradation in physical properties or specified trend
68
What effect does the length of the carbon chain have on chemical reactivity of the functional group?
Has little effect
69
What affects the physical properties (e.g. melting/boiling point & solubility) of carbon molecule?
The length of carbon chain
70
In general: small molecules are ___ and larger ones are ____ + \_\_\_\_\_
gas & liquids + solids
71
Why does the length of the carbon chain affect physical properties?
Melting/boiling points increase by small amounts as no. of C in chain increases ∵ intermolecular forces increase
72
Where are the same groups situated in (cis) Z-isomer?
Either both above or both below double bond
(matching groups are on 'ze zame zide')
73
Where are the same groups situated in (trans) E-isomer?
Same groups positioned across the double bond
(matching groups are 'enemies')
74
How does chain branching generally affect melting points and why?
* Reduces melting points
* ∵ less surface area (molecules pack together less well) & weaker van der Waals forces
75
Describe how we use the CIP rules to identify a E-/Z-isomer
1. Identify the groups directly bonded to each of the C=C carbon atoms
2. Assign a priority by finding the atom with the highest atomic number - this given the highest priority
3. If higher priority groups = same side of molecule = Z-isomer OR if higher priority groups = different sides of molecule = E-isomer
76
CIP rules: What do you do if the atoms directly bonded to carbon are the same?
Look at next atom in the groups to work out which has the higher priority
77
Hydrogen ring molecules have prefix of \_\_\_\_
'cyclo'
78
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are arranged differently
79
What reaction do mechanisms show?
How molecules react together
80
What do curly arrows show?
How electron pairs move around in reactions
81
Name 2 type of isomers
Stereoisomers & structural isomers
82
What are structural isomers?
Have same molecular formula but different structural formulas
83
Name 3 types of structural isomers
* Chain Isomers
* Positional Isomers
* Functional Group Isomers
85
What is the functional group of an ester?
-COO
88
What are stereoisomers?
(Where 2 or more) compounds with the same structural formula but with atoms arranged differently in space
89
\_\_\_\_\_ show E/Z Isomerism
Alkenes
90
The atoms connected to the C=C double bonds _____ rotate around them like they can around single bonds
Cannot
91
What causes the type of stereoisomerism called E/Z isomerism?
Restricted rotation around the (planar) C=C double bond
92
Explain how alkenes show E/Z isomerism
1. Alkenes have restricted rotation around their C=C double bonds
2. & if both of the double-bond carbons have different functional groups attached to them = get 2 stereoisomers (E/Z isomerism)
95
What rules do we use to identify whether a molcule with a C=C bond, surrounded by 3 or 4 different functional groups, is a E- or Z- isomer?
Use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules
98
Why is the IUPAC system used for naming organic compounds?
It's the agreed international language of chemistry so it allows scientific ideas to be communicated across the globe more effectively
99
What are mechanisms?
Diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages
102
As electrons are _____ \_\_\_\_\_, they move from areas of high ______ \_\_\_\_\_ to more _____ \_\_\_\_ areas
As electrons are negatively charged = move from areas of high electron density to more positively charged areas
(e.g. pair of electrons = attracted to carbon atom at positive end of a polar bond)
103
Explain how free radicals form?
1. Sometimes a covalent bond may break in such a way that 1 electron goes to each atom that originally formed the bond
2. These fragments of original molecule have an unpaired electron = called free radicals
104
Free radicals are extremely \_\_\_\_
reactive
105
How are free radicals represented?
By a dot
| (e.g. CH3• = methyl radical)
107
State the name of CH3CH=CHCH2OH
But-2-en-1-ol
108
How are cyclic alkanes named?
Cyclo-(name of longest ring)
109
Define: Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon which contains rings
110
Define: Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon which contains benzene rings
111
Define: Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon which contains long chains
