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Intro to organic chemistry and functional groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A
  • are all compounds containing the elements carbon and hydrogen
  • include molecules associated with life
  • include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, plastics, and fuels
  • 10 million organic compounds are known
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2
Q

what are the sources of organic compounds?

A
  • Living organisms
  • Laboratory synthesis
  • Just 1.7 million inorganic compounds are known.
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3
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Study of hydrocarbons and their various derivatives.

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4
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

Study of all substances other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives

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5
Q

Organic vs inorganic elements that are present?

A

Organic: C &, sometimes O, S, N, P, or Cl (F, Br, I)
Inorganic: Most metal and non metals

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6
Q

Organic vs inorganic particles

A

Organic: molecules
Inorganic: Mostly ions

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7
Q

Organic vs inorganic bonding

A

Organic: Mostly covalent
Inorganic: many are ionic, some are covalent

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8
Q

Organic vs inorganic polarity of bonds

A

Organic: nonpolar unless a strongly electronegative atom is present
Inorganic: Most are ionic or polar covalent, a few are nonpolar covalent

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9
Q

Organic vs inorganic melting point

A

Organic: usually low
Inorganic: Usually high

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10
Q

Organic vs inorganic boiling point

A

Organic: usually low
Inorganic: usually high

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11
Q

Organic vs inorganic flammability

A

Organic: high
Inorganic: low

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12
Q

Organic vs inorganic solubility in water

A

Organic: not soluble, unless a polar group is present
Inorganic: most are soluble, unless nonpolar.

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13
Q

How many bonds does carbon have?

A
  1. represented by 4 lines. can be single, double or triple bonds.
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14
Q

How many bonds does hydrogen have?

A

1

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15
Q

How many bonds does oxygen have?

A

2

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16
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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17
Q

What is a hydrocarbon derivative?

A

Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen and one or more additional elements.

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18
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon? + examples

A
  • Hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
  • Have only single covalent bonds between C atoms.
  • Are saturated with Hydrogen atoms.
  • Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
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19
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? + examples

A
  • Hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds
  • Double bonds, triple bonds, or both between a c atom.
  • Are unsaturated with Hydrogen atoms.
    -Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Alkynes and Arenes
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20
Q

What is the IUPAC system?

A

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry establishes the rules for naming organic compounds systematically.

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21
Q

What does meth mean in an IUPAC name?

A

1 carbon

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22
Q

What does eth mean in an IUPAC name?

A

2 carbon

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23
Q

What does prop mean in an IUPAC name?

A

3 carbon

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24
Q

What does but mean in an IUPAC name?

A

4 carbon

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25
What does pent mean in an IUPAC name?
5 carbon
26
What does hex mean in an IUPAC name?
6 carbon
27
What does hept mean in an IUPAC name?
7 carbon
28
What does oct mean in an IUPAC name?
8 carbon
29
What does non mean in an IUPAC name?
9 carbon
30
What does dec mean in an IUPAC name?
10 carbon
31
what does it mean when an IUPAC name has "ane" at the end of it?
that it is an alkane
32
What is an alkane?
- Alkane: Saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atom arrangement is acyclic - All bonds are carbon-carbon single bonds - General formula - CnH2n+2
33
What is an isomers?
- Isomers: Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
34
What does Continuous-chain alkane mean?
Carbon atoms are connected in a continuous non-branching chain
35
What does Branched-chain alkane mean?
One or more branches of carbon atoms are attached to a continuous chain
36
What is substituent?
An atom or group of atoms attached to a chain (or ring) of carbon atoms
37
What is an alkyl group?
The group of atoms that would be obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane
38
What is a primary carbon atom?
A carbon atom directly bonded to one other C atom
39
What is a Secondary carbon atom?
A carbon atom directly bonded to two other carbon atoms
40
What is a Tertiary carbon atom?
A carbon atom directly bonded to three other carbon atoms
41
What is Quaternary carbon atom?
A carbon atom directly bonded to four other carbon atoms
42
What is Cycloalkanes?
A saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms connected to one another in a cyclic (ring) arrangement are present. The general formula is CnH2n.
43
Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Natural Gas and Petroleum - Unprocessed natural gas contains: * 50 – 90% methane * 1 – 10% ethane * Up to 8% higher alkanes (primarily propane and butanes)
44
Physical properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
* Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in water - Water is polar * Alkanes and cycloalkanes have densities lower than that of water * The boiling points of continuous-chain alkanes and cycloalkanes increase with an increase in carbon–chain length or ring size
45
Chemical properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
* Vigorous reaction with oxygen (usually from air) * Accompanied by the evolution of heat and light * Always an exothermic process * Total combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water * Incomplete/partial combustion results in a mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
46
What is Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?
* Structural feature of an organic molecule that is directly involved in most of its chemical reactions: * Carbon–carbon double/triple bonds are the functional groups in unsaturated hydrocarbons. * Subdivided into 3 groups: - Alkenes - Contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds. - Alkynes - Contain one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds. - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Exhibit a special type of “delocalized” bonding involving a six-membered carbon ring.
47
What are the characteristics of Alkenes?
- WIll always have one or more DOUBLE BOND *Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds. * Functional group is C=C group. * Names end with an –ene, which signifies the presence of a double bond. * General molecular formula - CnH2n * Two of the simplest alkenes are ethene and propene:
48
What are naturally occurring alkenes?
* Pheromone: A compound secreted or excreted by insects (and some animals and plants) that triggers a response in other members of the same species. Many pheromones have alkene structures. * Terpenes are widely distributed in nature - More than 22,000 terpenes are found in biological systems and - They are responsible for the characteristic odors of many trees and plant fragrances. - Carotenoids, a group of yellow, red, and orange pigments found in plants, are terpenes in which eight isoprene units are present. β-Carotene, Lycopene, Lutein
49
What are Stereoisomers
have the same molecular and structural formulas but different orientations of atoms in space.
50
What are examples of naturally occurring Alkenes?
Pheromone: A compound secreted or excreted by insects (and some animals and plants) that triggers a response in other members of the same species. Many pheromones have alkene structures.
51
What is alkynes
contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
52
What are arenes (Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
exhibit a special type of “delocalized” bonding involving a six-membered carbon ring
53
What is the functional group of an alkene?
C=C
54
What is the molecular formula for alkene?
CnH2n
55
What is the functional group of Alkyne?
C (triple bond) C
56
What is the molecular formula of an alkyne?
CnH2n-2
57
What is the molecular formula of an Alkane?
CnH2n+2
58
What is benzene?
Benzene possesses a six-membered carbon ring With alternating single and double bonds. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined together is a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.
59
Do Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula?
True
60
Isomers are all continuous non-branching chains
False
61
Do Cis isomers have the functional group on the same side?
True
62
Isomerism's molecular formula
C2H6O
63
What is an alcohol functional group?
-OH
64
What is thiols functional group?
-SH
65
An antioxidant is a compound that is readily oxidised.
True
66
The solubility of alcohol decreases as the carbon chain length increases.
True
67
What is the difference between alcohol, Phenol and thiol
Alcohol = -OH (Hydroxyl group)FUnctional group Phenol = will have an aromatic ring Thiol = -SH functional group.
68
Examples of alcohol
Methyl = wood alcohol Ethyl = drinking alcohol
69
Uses of phenols
Antiseptics e.g., mouthwash
70
Uses of thiols
Odor in natrural gas is due to added thiols. Scent of skunks.

Bilogical Foundations (8 decks)

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