Intro To Organics Flashcards
(23 cards)
Aldehydes
CHO
Ketones
COC
Functional group
Molecules with a particular atom or grouping of atoms within a class of compounds
Two types of isomers
Structural
Stereoisomerism
Structural isomers
Different structural formulae from each other
Three types are chain, positional and functional group
Chain isomerism
Same number of carbon atoms but carbon backbones are different
Positional isomerism
Position of functional group varies
Functional group isomerism
Different functional group
Stereoisomerism
Compounds have the same atoms bonded to each other but with different arrangements in space
Two types are geometrical and optical
Geometrical isomerism
Also known as cis-trans
Occurs with alkenes that don’t have two identical groups on either side of the double bond
Groups on same side are cis (z)
Groups on opposite sides are trans (e)
Optical isomerism
Chiral centre
Non-superimposable mirror images
Homolytic and heterolytic fission are
The two ways that covalent bonds can break
Homolytic fission
Both the atoms at each end of the bond leave with one electron from the pair that formed the covalent bond
Produces free radicals
Heterolytic fission
The more electronegative atom takes both the electrons in the covalent bond
Curly arrows
Used to show movement of electrons from bond to delta positive atom
Free radical
Atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron
Highly reactive
Formed in initiation step of free radical substitution reactions
Electrophile
Atom or group of atoms that reacts with electron rich areas such as C=C bonds
Delta positive/positive charge
Acceptor of electrons
Nucleophile
Atom or group of atoms that reacts with electron deficit areas such as the delta positive carbon in C-Br
Attracted to delta positive areas
All have a lone pair which they use to form new bonds
Delta negative or negative charge
Donator of a pair of electronics
Addition reactions
Formation of a single product from two reactant molecules
Substitution reactions
Replacement of one atom by another
Elimination reactions
Removal of a small molecule from a larger one
Oxidation
Addition of oxygen and/or removal of hydrogen (to a molecule)
Reduction
Removal of oxygen and/or addition of hydrogen (from a molecule)
