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Orthopaedics & Rheumatology > Intro to Ortho & Rheum > Flashcards

Intro to Ortho & Rheum Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

The study of the musculoskeletal system: bones, ligaments, joints, muscles, tendons, nerves

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2
Q

What is rheumatology?

A

A sub-specialty of internal medicine and pediatrics devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic disease

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3
Q

Functions of the musculoskeletal system.

A
  1. movement
  2. structural support
  3. protection of organs
  4. storage of minerals
  5. hematopoiesis
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4
Q

Epiphysis

A

End portion of the bone, typically no marrow, made of cancellous (spongy) bone.

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5
Q

Metaphysis

A

Wider portion of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis.

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6
Q

Physis

A

Zone of growth aka growth plate

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long portion of the bone (shaft). Contains the medullary canal - site of erythropoiesis

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

the living unit of bone

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9
Q

Osteoblasts

A

help build bone tissue. when over produced, create bone spurs.

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10
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down bone tissue

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

facilitates smooth movement between two bones. found at joint spaces

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

found on the outside of all bones, except at joint articulation. has pain receptors and provides nurishment to bone through blood supply

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13
Q

Diarthrodial (synovial) joint

A

joints are freely mobile.

  • ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder)
  • hinge joints (elbow)
  • condyloid (knee)
  • saddle (thumb)
  • pivot (radius/ulna articulation)
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14
Q

Amphiarthrodial (fibrocartilaginous) joint

A

joints allow some movement

- costosternal, symphysis pubis, acromioclavicular

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15
Q

Synarthrodial Joints

A

no movement

- cranial sutures

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16
Q

Flexion

A

bending of a joint or shortening of a flexor muscle

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17
Q

Extension

A

straightening of a joint or shortening of an extensor muscle

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18
Q

Pronation

A

rotating palm downward or feet rotating inward

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19
Q

Supination

A

rotating palm upward or feet rotating outward

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20
Q

Abduction

A

move away from the midline

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21
Q

Adduction

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A

move toward the midline

22
Q

Inversion

23
Q

Eversion

24
Q

Varus (bowlegged)

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A

distal extremity is ‘inward’

25
Valgus (knock-kneed)
distal extremity is 'outward'
26
Plane of the Human Body
1. Sagittal Plane: divides the body in half vertically 2. Coronal Plane: divides the body from front to back 3. Transverse (axial) plane: divides the body into top and bottom
27
Fracture
disruption of the cortex of bone resulting in cracking, splintering, or bisecting. characterized by whether they are open/closed, the bone involved, type of fracture, displacement, and location of fracture
28
Dislocation
Occurs when the joint between two bones separates, usually from excessive tension to or disruption of supporting ligaments
29
Sprain
Stretching of ligaments from excessive force. Grade 1 partial tear but stable, Grade 2 partial tear with some instability, Grade 3 involves complete tear with joint opening when stressed
30
Strain
stretching or partial tearing of the muscle-tendon unit from excessive force
31
Transverse Fracture
perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
32
Oblique Fracture
Diagonal to the long axis of the bone
33
Spiral Fracture
caused by a twisting injury
34
Greenstick Fracture
fracture through one cortex
35
Torus Fracture
buckling of the cortex
36
Avulsion Fracture
caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a piece of bone off
37
Stress Fracture
caused by a non-traumatic, cumulative overload of a bone
38
Comminuted Fracture
"crushed" commonly seen in conjunction with other fracture types
39
Open Fracture
bone exposed through skin
40
Segmental Fracture
free floating segment of bone. butterfly fragment. concerned with blood supply
41
Salter-Harris I
Fracture through the physis
42
Salter-Harris II
Fracture through the physis with extension to the metaphysis
43
Salter-Harris III
Fracture through the physis with extension to the epiphysis
44
Salter-Harris IV
Fracture through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis
45
Salter-Harris V
Crush injury to the physis
46
Compartment Syndrome
- Elevated pressure in a closed muscle compartment - Due to injury, commonly crushing compartment. also ischemia or anoxia - Most common in anterior tibia and volar forearm - Normal pressure ~120mmHg. Compartment pressure ~30mmHg - Emergent fasciotomy indicated
47
Seven P's of Compartment Syndrome
Pain, pallor, paresthesias, paresis, poikilothermia, pressure, pulselessness
48
Tendonitis/Synovitis/Tenosynovitis
- Painful inflammation of a tendon and/or the synovial tissue around then tendon - Associated with overuse injuries or acute injuries - Common in shoulder (cuff), elbow (epicondylitis), wrist, knee (patellar), ankle (achilles)
49
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa due to overuse injuries or local trauma. common around the shoulder (subacromial bursa), hip (greater trochanteric bursitis), elbow (alecranon bursitis), and knee (prepatellar and pes anserine bursitis)
50
Corticosteroid Injections
mainstay in treatment of many musculoskeletal conditions. thought to cause a decrease in inflammation of synovial tissue. can also be used in extra-atricular areas like bursae, tendon sheathes, epidural space. Minimal systemic response

Orthopaedics & Rheumatology (5 decks)

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