Intro to Osteology

Question 1

Definition of Ostelogy

Answer 1

Study of the human skeleton’s bones, including their functions, descriptions and landmarks

Question 2

What is bone

Answer 2

Organic (living) tissue

Question 3

What is bone made up of (2)

Answer 3

1) Organic Material

2) Minerals

Question 4

What Organic Materials are in bone (2)

Answer 4

1) Cells

2) Collagen Fibres

Question 5

Which Minerals are in bone (2)

Answer 5

1) Hydroxyapatite

2) Calcium Carbonate

Question 6

Functions of Bone (6)

Answer 6

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Assistance in Movement
4) Mineral Homeostasis
5) Hemopoeisis
6) Triglyceride (fat) Storage

Question 7

What is ‘Bone Remodelling’

Answer 7

The process of replacing old or damaged bone tissue

Question 8

2 Processes of Bone Remodelling

Answer 8

1) Bone Reabsorption

2) Bone Deposition

Question 9

What is Bone Reabsorption

Answer 9

Removal or ingestion of minerals and collagen fibres from the bone by osteoclasts

Question 10

What is Bone Deposition

Answer 10

Addition or deposition of minerals and collagen fibres to the bone by osteoblasts

Question 11

What type of cells are involved in bone reabsorption

Answer 11

Osteoclasts

Question 12

What type of cells are involved in bone deposition

Answer 12

Osteoblasts

Question 13

Which areas of bones require more frequent remodelling

Answer 13

The parts under greater stress

Question 14

Where does bone remodelling occur

Answer 14

Along lines of mechanical stress

Question 15

How do bones maintain calcium levels in blood

Answer 15

Bones release or absorb calcium to/from the blood to maintain homeostasis

Question 16

Which hormones regulate the exchange of calcium and phosphate ions between blood and bone (2)

Answer 16

Parathyroid

Calcitonin

Question 17

2 Types of Bone Structure

Answer 17

1) Compact/Dense

2) Spongy/Cancellous

Question 18

Where is compact bone found

Answer 18

External layers of ALL bone

Question 19

Where is cancellous bone found

Answer 19

Interior of MOST bones

Question 20

What is the structure/shape of compact bone

Answer 20

Concentric rings

Question 21

What is the structure/shape of cancellous bone

Answer 21

Irregular latticework

Question 22

Types of Bone (6)

Answer 22

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat 
Sesamoid
(Sutural)

Question 23

Describe Long Bones

Answer 23

Length is greater than width

Made of compact bone with cancellous bone at both ends

Question 24

Describe Short Bones

Answer 24

Length and width are close to equal (cubic shaped)

Mostly made up on cancellous bone w/ a thin layer of compact bone

Question 25

Describe Irregular Bones

Answer 25

Complex and varied shapes | Variable amounts of spongy and compact bone

Question 26

Describe Flat Bones

Answer 26

Thin bones comprised of two parallel plates of compact bone that surround a layer of spongy bone

Question 27

Describe Sesamoid Bones

Answer 27

Small bones found within a tendon where a large amount of friction occurs

Question 28

Function of Sesamoid Bones (2)

Answer 28

- To protect the tendon and underlying joint from excessive wear and tear - Provide a mechanical advantage at a joint

Question 29

Describe Sutural (wormian) Bones

Answer 29

Very small bones located in the sutures between cranial bones

Question 30

Parts of a Long Bone (7)

Answer 30

1) Diaphysis 2) Epiphysis 3) Metaphysis 4) Medullary Cavity 5) Endosteum 6) Periosteum 7) Articular/Hyaline Cartilage

Question 31

What is the Diaphysis

Answer 31

Shaft of a long bone

Question 32

What is the Epiphysis

Answer 32

Distal and Proximal ends of a long bone

Question 33

What is the Metaphysis

Answer 33

The area between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis

Question 34

What is located at the Metaphysis of a mature bone

Answer 34

Epiphyseal line

Question 35

What is located at the Metaphysis of a growing bone

Answer 35

Growth plate

Question 36

What is the Medullary Cavity

Answer 36

The space within the Diaphysis

Question 37

In children, the Medullary Cavity contains...

Answer 37

Red Marrow

Question 38

In mature bone, what is in the Medullary Cavity

Answer 38

Yellow Marrow

Question 39

What is the Endosteum

Answer 39

A membrane (thin sheet of fascia) that lines the inside of the bone and surrounds the Medullary Cavity

Question 40

What is the Periosteum

Answer 40

Fibrous coating (fascia) that surrounds the outside of the bone to which ligaments and tendons attach themselves

Question 41

What does Articular/Hyaline Cartilage do

Answer 41

Covers the joint surfaces (epiphyses) to aid movement by reducing friction and increasing shock absorption

Question 42

What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 42

Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle Upper Extremities Pelvic (hip) Girdle Lower Extremities

Question 43

What makes up the Axial Skeleton

Answer 43

Skull Thorax: Ribs and Sternum Vertebral Column Sacrum and Coccyx