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Parasitology > Intro to Parasitology 1 > Flashcards

Intro to Parasitology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

two species live together and one species benefits from the

relationship without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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2
Q

example of commensalism

A

Entamoeba coli

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3
Q

a form of a protozoan in the intestinal lumen

is supplied with nourishment and protected from harm but DOES NOT cause any tissue damage to its host

A

Entamoeba coli

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4
Q

two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

termites and flagellates in the digestive system are examples of?

A

Mutualism

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6
Q

relationship between species, where one organism (parasite) lives on or in another organism (host) causing harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life

A

Parasitism

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7
Q

example of Parasitism

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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8
Q

a parasite living inside the body of a host

A

endoparasite

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9
Q

a parasite living outside the body of a host

A

ectoparasite

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10
Q

the presence of an endoparasite in a host

A

infection

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11
Q

the presence of an ectoparasite on a host

A

infestation

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12
Q

a parasite found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

A

erratic

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13
Q

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species and depends entirely upon their host for existence

A

obligate parasites

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14
Q

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

A

facultative parasite

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15
Q

Plasmodium sp. which causes malaria is an example of?

A

obligate parasites

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16
Q

Naegleria fowleri is an example of?

A

facultative parasite

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17
Q

a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

A

accidental / incidental parasite

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18
Q

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

permanent parasite

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19
Q

lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

temporary parasite

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20
Q

Filarial worms and Wuchereria bancrofti which causes the disease known as elephantiasis in man are examples of?

A

permanent parasite

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21
Q

Dipylidium caninum which infects dogs but can also infect humans are examples of?

A

accidental / incidental parasite

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22
Q

a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

spurious parasite

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23
Q

is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

A

definitive or final

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24
Q

harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

intermediate

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25
Q

one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host

A

paratenic

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26
Q

all the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

reservoir

27
Q

carries parasites that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts

A

biologic

28
Q

only transports parasite, it picks up infectious agents outside their body and transmit them through physical contact

A

mechanical / phoretic

29
Q

harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

carrier

30
Q

process of inoculating an infective agent

A

exposure

31
Q

the establishment of the infective agent in the host

A

infection

32
Q

period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

incubation period

33
Q

incubation period referred to as _________

A

clinical incubation period

34
Q

pre-patent period referred to as _________

A

biologic incubation period

35
Q

period between infection of the parasite and evidence of infection

A

pre-patent period

36
Q

when the parasite has invaded the human host but has not yet caused pathological changes that reveals its presence by causing a symptoms

A

pre-patent period

37
Q

infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

auto-infection

38
Q

the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to a massive infection with the parasites

A

superinfection

39
Q

study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of diseases

A

epidemiology

40
Q

the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

A

incidence

41
Q

number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time (%)

A

prevalence

42
Q

% of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

A

cumulative prevalence

43
Q

burned of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

A

intensity of infection

44
Q

directly measured by counting expelled worms during treatment, indirectly by counting helminth eggs excreted in feces measured in eggs per gram (epg)

A

STH (soil-transmitted helminthiases)

45
Q

clinical consequence of infection that affect an individual’s well being

A

morbidity

46
Q

the use of antihelmenthic drugs

A

deworming

47
Q

(%) the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination of a sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

A

cure rate

48
Q

the % fall of egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment

A

egg reduction rate

49
Q

involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds

A

selective treatment

50
Q

group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

targeted treatment

51
Q

population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics

A

universal treatment

52
Q

proportion of the target population reached by intervention

A

coverage

53
Q

genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

drug resistance

54
Q

is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections

A

preventative chemotherapy

55
Q

the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context

A

efficacy

56
Q

measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host

A

effectiveness

57
Q

avoidance of illness caused by infections

A

morbidity control

58
Q

health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain health lifestyle

A

information-education-communication

59
Q

planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the manipulation of environmental factors or interaction with human beings with a view of preventing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and infective agent

A

environmental management

60
Q

interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal of hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse and water waste

A

environmental sanitation

61
Q

provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta

A

sanitation

62
Q

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts

A

disease eradication

63
Q

reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts

A

disease elimination

Parasitology (2 decks)

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