Intro to parasitology

Question 1

the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

Answer 1

PARASITOLOGY

Question 2

organisms that obtain its food and shelter from another organism and derive all the benefits from the association

Answer 2

PARASITE

Question 3

he organism that provides physical protection an nourishment to the parasite

Answer 3

HOST

Question 4

It is the close association between the host and the parasite; both are so dependent on each other that one cannot live without the help of the other.

Answer 4

Symbiosis

Question 5

two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.

Answer 5

Commensalism

Question 6

parasite derives benefit from the host and always causes injury to the host.

Answer 6

Parasitism

Question 7

an association that is beneficial to both the parasite and the host in which one can still survive even without the other

Answer 7

Mutualism

Question 8

parasite living inside the body of a host

Answer 8

Endoparasite

Question 9

the presence of an

endoparasite on a host is called

Answer 9

infection

Question 10

parasite living outside the body of a host

Answer 10

Ectoparasite

Question 11

he presence of an

ectoparasite on a host is called

Answer 11

infestation

Question 12

classification of parasites

Answer 12

according to habitat

according to effect on host

according to mode of living

Question 13

cause injury by its mechanical, traumatic or toxic activities

Answer 13

Pathogenic

Question 14

derives benefits to the host without causing any damage

Answer 14

Non-pathogenic

Question 15

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their
development and to propagate their species

Answer 15

Obligate

Question 16

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need
arises or under favorable or appropriate circumstances

Answer 16

Facultative

Question 17

a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it

does not ordinarily live

Answer 17

Accidental or Incidental

Question 18

free living during part of existence and seeks only its host

intermittently to obtain nourishment

Answer 18

Temporary

Question 19

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

Answer 19

Permanent

Question 20

free-living organism that passes through the digestive

tract without infecting the host

Answer 20

Spurious or Coprozoic

Question 21

It harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite. It may be human or non-human living things

Answer 21

Final or Definitive Host

Question 22

It harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite.

Answer 22

Intermediate Host

Question 23

harbors the early larval stage of the parasite

Answer 23

First Intermediate Host

Question 24

harbors the infective larval stage of the parasite

Answer 24

Second Intermediate Host

Question 25

They allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of infection to other susceptible hosts

Answer 25

Reservoir Host

Question 26

Is the one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host

Answer 26

Paratenic Host

Question 27

The host which is naturally infected with certain species of the parasites

Answer 27

Natural Host

Question 28

The host in which the parasite is not usually found

Answer 28

Accidental Host

Question 29

They are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

Answer 29

VECTOR

Question 30

transmit the parasite after it has completed its development within the host, thus it is an essential part of the parasite’s life cycle

Answer 30

Biologic Vector

Question 31

it only transports the parasite

Answer 31

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

Question 32

harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.

Answer 32

carrier

Question 33

is the process of inoculating an infective agent.

Answer 33

Exposure

Question 34

is the time between exposure to the parasite and the appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms.

Answer 34

clinical incubation period

Question 35

s the development of the parasite in a particular host and the demonstration of the parasite in the different specimens

Answer 35

biological incubation period

Question 36

results when an infected individual becomes his own source of infection

Answer 36

Autoinfection

Question 37

happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

Answer 37

Superinfection or hyperinfection

Question 38

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES

Answer 38

1. Source of infection 2. Effective mode of transmission and portal of entry and exit 3. Presence of susceptible host 4. Successful entry of the infective stage of the parasite to the host

Question 39

infection is transmitted from one infected man to another is called

Answer 39

anthroponoses

Question 40

most common source of infection

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Contaminated soil and water and foods

Question 41

The | condition where infection is transmitted from animals to humans is called

Answer 41

zoonoses

Question 42

These parasites require further development in the soil before they become infective

Answer 42

Soil Transmitted Group (STH – Soil Transmitted Helminths)

Question 43

These parasites require further development within the body of snails which serves as their intermediate host before they become infective

Answer 43

Snail Transmitted Group

Question 44

The parasites are transmitted from one host to another by a vector

Answer 44

Arthropod Transmitted Group

Question 45

These parasites require further development in the flesh of some animals that man consume

Answer 45

Animal/Food Transmitted Group

Question 46

Person to person transmission, wherein the parasites require no further development and are readily infective

Answer 46

Contact Transmitted Group

Question 47

Transmission of infection from one host to another is caused by a certain form of the parasite known as

Answer 47

the infective stage

Question 48

modes of transmission

Answer 48

oral route penetration of the skin and mucous membrane sexual contact inhalation Transplacental

Question 49

all the developmental stages of the parasites are completed in one single host. Change of host is only required to propagate the parasite in the community.

Answer 49

Simple Life Cycle

Question 50

parasite requires two different hosts, one definitive host and another is intermediate host to complete their life cycle. Some parasites require two intermediate hosts aside from one definitive host

Answer 50

Complex/Complicated Life Cycle

Question 51

pathogenesis of parasitic disease is a ________ | and depends on the complex interaction of of a variety of what factors?

Answer 51

is a dynamic process host & parasite factors

Question 52

host factors

Answer 52

1. Nutritional status of the host, whether malnutrition or under nutrition 2. Immune status of the host 3. Immune response to parasitic infection 4. Presence or absence of co-existing disease or other physiological condition such as pregnancy 5. The age and the level of immunity at the time of infection

Question 53

Parasitic Factors

Answer 53

1. Site of attachment of the parasite 2. Size of the parasite 3. Number of invading parasites 4. Parasite strain, whether pathogenic or not 5. Growth, development and multiplication of parasites inside the human body and their metabolic products.

Question 54

is the most effective treatment for parasitic infections

Answer 54

antihelminthic drugs

Question 55

Refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination after deworming

Answer 55

Cure Rate

Question 56

it is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming

Answer 56

Egg Reduction Rate (ERR)

Question 57

Involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or based on presumptive grounds, it is used particularly in a defined risk group

Answer 57

Selective Treatment

Question 58

Group-level deworming where the risk group maybe defined by age, sex or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

Answer 58

Targeted Treatment

Question 59

Population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

Answer 59

Universal Treatment

Question 60

Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

Answer 60

Coverage

Question 61

his method of diagnosis is based on the recognition of the | characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection of disease.

Answer 61

Clinical Diagnosis

Question 62

hindrance in clinical diagnosis

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a. low prevalence of major clinical signs b. late development of clinical signs c. lack of specificities of clinical signs d. occurrence od asymptomatic carriers

Question 63

this method is based on the identification of the parasite in different specimens

Answer 63

Laboratory Diagnosis

Question 64

Laboratory Diagnosis depends on:

Answer 64

a. morphological recognition of the parasite in relevant specimen (parasitic diagnosis) b. immunological tests (immunodiagnosis) c. molecular diagnosis d. imaging methods

Question 65

prevention and control

Answer 65

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