Intro To Pathology

Question 1

Why do we need to know pathology as physical therapists?

Answer 1

We need to know how this particular disease affects the persons, functional abilities and outcomes
We need to know how it will affect their response to therapeutic exercise
I need to know what precautions should be taken
Should vital signs be monitored
How does it affect the treatment plan
Distinguish relevant from non-relevant pathologies

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Equilibrium in all cells, tissues, and systems

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

State of disequilibrium

Question 5

Physiology

Answer 5

Study of the normal function of the body

Question 6

Pathophysiology

Answer 6

Study of Physiological processes leading to disease

Question 7

Pathology

Answer 7

Study of general disease

Question 8

etiology

Answer 8

Study of the cause of the disease

Question 9

Risk factors

Answer 9

Predispose an individual to the development of a disease
Not equivalent to a cause
Increase chance of developing a disease
Can be, environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, or genetic

Question 10

Number one cause of death by age

Answer 10

Ages 1 to 44 unintentional injuries
Age 45 to 64 cancer and heart disease
Age 65 and over is heart disease and cancer

Question 11

Heart disease risk factors

Answer 11

Risk factors include tobacco, use, elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle

Question 12

Malignant neoplasms risk factors

Answer 12

Also known as cancer
Tobacco use, improper diet, alcohol, occupational and environmental exposure

Question 13

Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease COPD
Lower respiratory diseases risk factors

Answer 13

Tobacco use
Occupational and environmental exposure

Question 14

Cerebrovascular accident CVA risk factors

Answer 14

High blood pressure, tobacco, use, and elevated cholesterol

Question 15

Accidental injuries, risk factors

Answer 15

Seatbelt non use
helmet non-use
Alcohol and substance abuse
Reckless driving
Occupational hazards
Guns in the home
Stress and fatigue

Question 16

Consequences of tobacco usage

Answer 16

Increased heart rate
Vasoconstriction
Decreased oxygen to the heart
Increased risk of thrombosis
Loss of appetite
Poor wound healing

Question 17

Effects of alcohol abuse

Answer 17

Cerebellar degeneration
Cancer
Impaired diffusion, chronic obstruction, pulmonary disease, infection tuberculosis
Hepatitis, cirrhosis fatty liver
Osteoporosis
Myopathies
Sterility peripheral neuropathy’s
Pancreatitis
Cardiomyopathy
Abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
And more

Question 18

Obesity

Answer 18

It’s defined as weight greater than 20% of the desirable weight for adults given their sex, body structure and height

Excessive accumulation of fat in the body. If there’s not an excess fat in the body, it’s not considered obese

Question 19

Two types of obesity

Answer 19

Exogenous the excessive caloric intake
Endogenous the inherent, metabolic problems; less than one percent of the population

Question 20

Genetic factors of obesity

Answer 20

Consensus that several genes are involved in controlling weight
Hyperplasia greater than normal number of fat cells
Hyper trophy greater than normal size of fat cells

Question 21

Signs v symptoms

Answer 21

Signs- Or objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination
This includes high blood pressure, decreased oxygen, dehydration

Symptoms- subjective indications of disease reported by the patient. This includes dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting.

Question 22

Syndrome

Answer 22

Signs and symptoms occur concurrently

Question 23

Objective evidence of disease

Answer 23

Urinalysis, blood chemistry electrocardiography
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging techniques
Biopsy
Physical examination
Medical history
Family history
Medication history

Question 24

Prognosis

Answer 24

The predicted course and outcome of the disease

State the chance for complete recovery
Predict the permanent loss of function
Probability of survival

Question 25

Course

Answer 25

Acute- quick onset, short duration ex. Influenza, measles, and common cold. Chronic – a disease may begin insidiously and be long lived ex. arthritis Terminal – that disease that will end in death

Question 26

Stage of disease

Answer 26

Remission – signs and symptoms subside Exacerbation – recur in all severity Relapse-returns weeks or months later

Question 27

Complications

Answer 27

Diseases from diseases, for example kidney failure secondary to diabetes

Question 28

Sequela

Answer 28

Aftermath of disease For example, paralysis, following polio

Question 29

Mortality v morbidity

Answer 29

Mortality - Measure of death attributed to disease Morbidity -measure of disability

Question 30

Treatment of disease

Answer 30

Cure disease by removing the cause it possible Depends on the nature of the disease, characteristics of the patient and goals of the doctor and patient Not all diseases are careful You can also have palliative care which is designed to relieve and manage symptoms as well as provide comfort and quality of life

Question 31

Disease prevention

Answer 31

Non-smoker, appropriate diet, active lifestyle, sun protection, cancer screening, check ups and home and work safety

Question 32

Primary prevention

Answer 32

Removing a reducing disease risk factors Disease → immunizations Trauma → seatbelts, and helmets Morbidity→ stop smoking and drinking Osteoporosis → calcium and exercise

Question 33

Secondary prevention

Answer 33

Early detection preventative measures to avoid further complications For tuberculosis you take skin test Take a screening tests like mammography colonoscopy Pap smears

Question 34

Tertiary prevention

Answer 34

This is the physical therapies focus Limiting impact of establish disease like cancer, you’d use chemotherapy and radiation and ALC rupture you would use surgical reconstruction Involves rehabilitation highest possible level of function Prevents severe disability May end, if no further healing is expected