Intro to Pharm Flashcards
(46 cards)
• The study of the effects of drugs on the function of
living systems
Pharmacology
A chemical substance of known structure, other
than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient,
which, when administered to a living organism,
produces a biological effect
Drug
inverse proportionality between pressure and volume of gas
Boyle’s Law:
• Father of Modern Chemotherapy — German physician-scientist — How to differentiate healthy tissue from invading pathogen? — Staining techniques led eventually to Gram staining — arsphenamine (Salvasan) * Treatment of syphilis — 1908 Nobel Prize * contributions to immunology
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion of drugs
Pharmacokinetics
- Drug-receptor interactions
- Signal transduction
- Drug effects
Pharmacodynamics
- the metabolic fate of a drug based on individual genetic differences
- study of genetic influences on the responses to drugs
Pharmacogenetics
• the genetic basis of a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and receptor-target affinity
— the genetic basis of a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
— an extension of pharmacogenetics
• use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis
Pharmacogenomics
• The study of drug effects at the population
level
• Concerned with variability of drug effects
between individuals in a population and
between populations
• Made possible with “Big Data” sets
Pharmacoepidemiology
• The study of cost and benefits/detriments
of drugs used clinically
• Made possible with “Big Data” sets
Pharmacoeconomics
— administrative body that oversees drug
evaluation process
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
____ grants approval for marketing new
drug products
— evidence of safety and efficacy
— “safe” does not mean complete absence of risk
FDA
— prohibited full FDA review of supplements and botanicals as drugs
— established labeling requirements for dietary supplements
- burden of proof of safety/effectiveness is on manufacturer not on FDA
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994)
________ as defined by FDA
• A substance recognized by an official pharmacopoeia or
formulary
• A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
• A substance (other than food) intended to affect the
structure or any function of the body
• A substance intended for use as a component of a
medicine but not a device or a component, part or
accessory of a device
• Biological products are included within this definition
and are generally covered by the same laws and
regulations, but differences exist regarding their
manufacturing processes (chemical process versus
biological process.)
Drug
________ as defined by FDA
• It is the same as a brand name drug in dosage,
safety, strength, how it is taken, quality, performance, and
intended use
• Before approving a generic drug product, FDA requires many
rigorous tests and procedures to assure that the generic drug
can be substituted for the brand name drug
• The FDA bases evaluations of substitutability, or therapeutic
equivalence of generic drugs on scientific evaluations
• By law, a generic drug product must contain the identical
amounts of the same active ingredient(s) as the brand name
product
• Drug products evaluated as “therapeutically equivalent” can
be expected to have equal effect and no difference when
substituted for the brand name product
Generic drug
What are the 5 protein targets for drug binding?
- Receptors
- Enzymes
- Carrier Molecules (Transporters)
- Ion Channels
- Specific Circulating Plasma Proteins
• Protein molecule which function to recognize and respond to endogenous chemical signals — protein molecules which function to recognize specific endogenous ligands — may also recognize/bind xenobiotics • Classified based on ligands — increasing focus on developing new classification system based on genomics
Drug receptor
• For a drug to be useful:
— must act selectively on particular cells and
tissues
— must show a high degree of binding site
specificity
Drug Specificity
For a _____ to function as a receptor:
— generally shows a high degree of ligand
specificity
— bind only molecules of certain physico-
chemical properties
* size, shape, charge, lipophilicity, etc
protein
(Drug-receptor interactions)
(most common)
— weaker: hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces (dipoles)
— stronger: ionic bonding
Electrostatic
(Drug-receptor interactions)
(less common)
— weak associations of hydrophobic compounds with hydrophobic domains of receptors
Hydrophobic
(Drug-receptor interactions) (relatively rare) — permanent, lasting bonding — aspirin and cyclooxygenase — omeprazole and proton pump
Covalent
— more soluble in oil than water * i.e. more soluble in fat than blood — steroids — readily diffuse across membranes — more likely to by metabolized by gut and liver
Lipophilicity
— more soluble in water than oil
* i.e. more soluble in blood than fat
— small molecules, weak acids/bases
* ionized at physiologic pH (7.4)
— not as easy to diffuse across plasma membranes
— more likely to be excreted unchanged by kidney
Hydrophilic
