Intro To Pharm Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
What is therapeutic effect
A
Desired effect of a drug on the body
2
Q
Side effect is
A
Undesired effect of drug on body
3
Q
Adverse effect is
A
Harmful effect of drug on body
4
Q
Therapeutic classification is
A
Broad category of what a drug does
5
Q
Indications of a drug are
A
Conditions treated by drug
6
Q
Why is it important for a nurse to understand indications of a drug
A
- Increases knowledge/critical thinking
- Provide accurate info to pt
- Verify that dose is accurate
7
Q
Reason why drug might not produce therapeutic effect
A
- Pt’s body isnt responding to drug (bc comorbidities or drug interactions)
- Dose is too low
- Pt not taking dose
8
Q
Serum concentration is
A
Concentration of drug in blood
9
Q
What is pharmacokinetics
A
How body reacts to meds to move it through body
10
Q
Pharmacokinetics 4 steps
A
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination
11
Q
Pharmacokinetics absorption
A
Mvmt of drug in bloodstream after administration
12
Q
Pharmacokinetics distribution
A
Transportation of drug through bloodstream to various organs or tissues
13
Q
Pharmacokinetics metabolism
A
Process body uses to break down drug
14
Q
Pharmacokinetics elimination
A
Excretion of drug
15
Q
Tissues involved in absorption (with route)
A
- Skin (transdermal)
- Mucous membranes (SL, buccal)
- Small intestines (PO)
- Lungs (inhaled)
- Subcue tissue or muscles (injections)
- Direct to bloodstream (IV)
16
Q
Factors influencing drug absorption
A
- Drug info (storage, dose, solubility (lipid or water), form of drug)
- Age of pt, diseases
- Topical: skin characteristics (thick, warm, blood supply)
- Oral: food in stomach, stomach acid, GI disorders, diarrhea (speeds up passage)
17
Q
Tissues involved in distribution
A
- Mostly fat or interstitial fluid (dissolve)
- Some attach to proteins molecules (albumin in blood), become inactive
- Some accumulate in specific tissues
18
Q
Factors affecting distribution
A
- Solubility of drug (lipid or water)
- Protein binding ability and available serum albumin (only free drug affects plasma concentration)
- Body composition
- Conditions affect albumin levels (kidney disease, malnutrition)
- Conditions affect circulation (prevent from distributing to tissues)
19
Q
Main organ involved in metabolism
A
Liver
20
Q
Factors affecting metabolism
A
- Liver dysfunction
- Age (older=slower, smaller dose needed)
- Genetics
21
Q
Main organs for elimination
A
- Kidneys
- Lungs, GI tract, skin cells, hair, fluids (breast milk, saliva, tears)
22
Q
Factors affecting elimination
A
- Kidney dysfunction
- Acidity of urine (diet/kidney disorders)
- Age (renal drug excretion decreases with age)
23
Q
Cytotoxic drugs cause
A
- Cancer
- Birth defects
- Reproductive harm
- Damage to dna
- Organ toxicity at low dose
24
Q
Hazardous drugs risk and management
A
- Can be absorbed through nurse skin
- Nurse can contact through body fluid of pt with drug still active in it
- Hazardous drug sign outside of pt room
- Special instructions in MAR
25
Onset of action
Time for drug to reach minimum effective concentration
26
Peak
Highest serum concentration
27
Duration of action
Length of time that serum concentration is within therapeutic range
28
Plateau
Steady state of drug concentration in therapeutic range, drug absorbed = drug eliminated
29
Trough
Lowest serum concentration before next dose administered
30
Half life
Time required for body to eliminate half concentration of drug initially absorbed
31
Why is half life important
1. Calculate how long to be fully eliminated
2. Calculate how to maintain steady state (maintenance dose)
32
After 5 half lives
97% of drug metabolized
33
How much time needed to achieve plateau
5 half lives
34
Loading dose
Dose that fall im therapeutic range after few doses or short interval, produce toxicity if given repeatedly, higher than maintenance dose, when drug has long half life and therapeutic effect must be achieved quickly
35
Maintenance dose
Dose to maintain therapeutic range when given repeatedly at constant interval
36
Cumulative effect
Toxic effect if drug is eliminated more slowly than absorbed/administered
37
Cumulative effect happens if
1. Administrations too frequently
2. Pt has condition that affects metabolism and excretion
38
Bioavailability
Fraction of drug absorbed in systemic circulation
(IV drugs 100% bioavailability )
39
First pass effect
Partial metabolism of PO drugs in liver before reaching target organ
40
Pharmacodynamics
How a drug causes an effect
41
Receptor
Drug specific target
42
Agonist
Drug producing same response as imitated substance
43
Antagonist
Inhibits natural body substances or other drugs by blocking receptor sites
44
Compatible/incompatible drugs
Compatible: don't react with each other
Incompatible: drugs that react with each other in undesired way
45
Additive
Drugs with similar effects given together to maximize effect
46
Synergistic
Drugs that react with each other to increase effect
47
Drugs can be affected by food ex
Warfarin and vitamin K (leafy greens, green vegetables)
48
Drug tolerance
Decreased physiological response to a drug bc of repeated administration
49
Physiological dependence
Biochemical changes in body leading to physical requirements in order to continue normal functioning, stopping drug = withdrawal symptoms
50
Obstacles to pt adherence
1. Pt education
2. Pt attitude (afraid of side effects)
3. Self care ability/motivation
4. Finances
51
Time critical meds
1. Scheduled opioids
2. Immunosuppressive agents
3. Meds administered apart from other meds
4. Meds require within specific time w meals (ex insulin)
52
Medication responsibilities for nurses
1. Know scope of practice
2. Assess pt prior to administering
3. Recognize unsafe situations for administrations (hold and notify)
4. Double check high alert meds
5. Teaching on meds and side effects
6. Perform rights and checks
7. Monitor therapeutic and adverse effects post drug
8. Follow policies for controlled substances
9. Report critical incidents
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