Intro To Pharm

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

Drug-receptor interactions to produce an effect

Question 3

Pharmaceutical phase

Answer 3

Dissociation into molecules for bioavailability

Question 4

Parenteral route

Answer 4

Anything involving a needle

Question 5

Issues with oral admin

Answer 5

Irritation
Destruction by acid/enzymes
Complex formation in GI tract
First pass effect

Question 6

Sublingual admin issues

Answer 6

Bad taste

Question 7

Rectal admin issues

Answer 7

Inconvenience leading to lack of compliance

Question 8

SubQ/IM admin issues

Answer 8

Irritation

Variable blood flow leading to variable absorption

Question 9

IV admin issues

Answer 9

Sterility required

Not for self medication

Question 10

Intraarterial (IA) admin issues

Answer 10

Danger of hemorrhage

Question 11

Intraspinal admin issues

Answer 11

Difficult technique

Question 12

Are ionized or non-ionized drugs more lipid soluble?

Answer 12

Non-ionized. Includes groups like quaternary ammonia groups

Question 13

Factors affecting absorption from all sites

Answer 13

Blood flow
Surface area
Cell layers
Drug concentration gradient

Question 14

Three tissues with highest vascularity

Answer 14

1. Brain
2. Liver
3. Kidneys

Question 15

Factors affecting distribution of drug

Answer 15

1. Vascularity
2. Ease of drug crossing membrane barriers (pKa, pH, gradients)
3. Polarity of drug
4. Plasma protein binding

Question 16

Effect of plasma protein binding

Answer 16

1. Non linear response in drug after plasma protein saturation reached
2. Drug competition on plasma proteins leading to drug-drug interactions

Question 17

Blood brain barrier characteristics

Answer 17

1. Tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries
2. Molecules enter through passive diffusion of cell membranes or active transport
3. Fat soluble>water soluble drugs

Question 18

Therapeutic index

Answer 18

TD50/ED50

OR

LD50/ED50

Smaller # = worse drug (<30)

Question 19

Competitive antagonists

Answer 19

Increase ED50, reversible

Question 20

Non-competitive antagonists

Answer 20

Decrease Emax due to inactivation of receptors

Question 21

Are receptor selective or specific drugs more common?

Answer 21

Receptor selective drugs more common

Question 22

Side effects sources

Answer 22

Chemical properties of drug

Drug that interacts w/multiple receptor types

Drug that acts on receptor subtype present in multiple tissues

Drug that acts with single receptor type but multiple subtypes

Question 23

Termination of drug mechanisms (3)

Answer 23

Redistribution

Biotransformation

Excretion

Question 24

Common sites of drug-drug interaction?

Answer 24

CYPs

Plasma proteins

Question 25

Deficiency in route of drug excretion leads to....

Answer 25

Increased plasma concentration-->enhanced effects Prolonged duration of drug