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Rudy's > Intro to Pharm (Iszard) > Flashcards

Intro to Pharm (Iszard) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the six levels of pharmacology (Pyramid of Pharmacology)

A
  1. drug names and class (MOA vs. chemical)
  2. MOA
  3. Indications/uses
  4. Toxicities (common/severe and contraindications)
  5. Monitoring
  6. Drug Interactions
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2
Q

What are the three ways drugs can be named?

A
  1. Chemical (think organic chemistry)
  2. Generic Name (oxymorphone hydrochloride)
  3. Brand Name (OPANA)
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3
Q

Compare and Contrast pharmacokinetics vs. pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacokinetics looks at the time that the drug is active in the body

Pharmacodynamics looks at the effect of the drug in the body

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4
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

ratio between minimum effective concentrations (MEC) and the minimum toxic concentration

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5
Q

Define therapeutic Equivalence

A

Must be pharmaceutically equivalent and expected to have the same therapeutic clinical effect and same safety profile

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6
Q

Define bioequivalence

A

similar rate and extent of absorption

80%-125% of reference product

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7
Q

What are “A” codes for therapeutic equivalence?

A

Drug products that are considered to be therapeutically equicalent to other pharmceutically equivalent products

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8
Q

What are “B” codes

A

Drugs that the FDA at this time is considered not to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products

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9
Q

What are schedule 1 drugs?

A

all non-research use is illegal under federal law

includes rohypnol, marijuana, LSD, PCP

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10
Q

What are schedule II drugs?

A

no telephone Rxs, no refills

includes opiods, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbitol

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11
Q

What are schedule III drugs?

A

New Rx written after 6 months or five refills, high potential for abuse

incldues: opiods, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbitol

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12
Q

What are schedule IV drugs?

A

Rx must be written after 6 months/5 refills, differes from III for illegal possesion

includes low risk for abuse/dependence; propoxyphene, phentermine, alprazolam

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13
Q

What are schedule V drugs?

A

Non-opiod Rx, Dispensed without Rx,

Drugs with lower potential for abuse, with limited quantities of narcotics; pregabalin-lyrica

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14
Q

Dosage Formula

A

D/H x Q=one dose

D= Doctor’s order (name and amount prescribed)

H=supply on hand

Q=form of medication

Example: 30mg/60mg x 1 tablet=0.5mg, therefore one dose will be one half of a tablet

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15
Q

Define pharmacotherapeutics

A

a field of study of appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms

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16
Q

Define pharmacogenomics

A

a field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic of handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs

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17
Q

Define pharmacoeconomics

A

a field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies

18
Q

Define pharmacoepidemiology

A

a field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations

19
Q

beta blockers end with-

alpha blockers end with-

ACE inhibitors end with-

Ca Channel blockers end with-

Diuretic agents end with-

A
  • olol
  • sin
  • pril
  • pine

-ide

20
Q

Development timeline of drugs

in Vitro studies

Animal testing

clinical testing

Marketing

A

1-2 years

2 years, with investigational new drug at year 4

4-5 years, with new drug application at year 8-9

approx. 20 years and then generic can be made

21
Q

What are some errors/effects that can come between the physician prescribed dose and the pt administration of the drug?

A

medication errors and patient compliance

Major reason in past years for drug therapy

22
Q

What are some errors/effects between the administered dose of a drug and the concentration of the drug at the action site?

A
  • rate and extent of absorption
  • body size and composition
  • distribution in body fluids
  • binding in plasma and tissues
  • rate of metabolism and excretion
23
Q

What are some errors/effects between the concentration of the drug at the action site and the drug’s effects?

A
  • drug-receptor interaction
  • functional state of targeted system
  • selectivity of drug, propensity to produce unwanted effects
  • placebo effects
  • resistance
24
Q

What are some issues with drug concentration at action site that are related to dose and effects?

A
  • physiological variables
  • pathological factors
  • genetic factors
  • interaction with other drugs
  • development of tolerance and desensitization
25
Q

Describe the dose-response relationship curve

A
  1. drug taken
  2. absorption (avg. 20min)
  3. distribution and onset of effect
  4. peak concentration reached
  5. interaction with receptors
  6. produces effects
  7. drug is biotransformed
  8. drug is inactivated
  9. drug is eliminated
26
Q

Drugs with low TI

Drugs with high TI

A

Digoxin, lithium, warfarin

benzos

27
Q

What is important to remember about potency?

A

the closer to zero, the more potent the drug

if two drugs are equally effective, give the least potent, since it will have fewer adverse effects

28
Q

What is an additive effect of drug interactions?

A

ex: 2+3=5

ETOH and diphenhydramine together will cause more sedation than either separate

29
Q

What is a synergistic/multple interaction of drug interactions?

A

3+3=9

Ex: EtOH and alprazolam together is a deadly combination of sedation while either separate are fine in moderation

30
Q

What is an example of potentiation in drug interactions?

A

2+0=4

Ex: EtOH and CCl4 together will cause liver damage much rapidly than just EtOH alone. CCl4 forms a free radical in the presence of EtOH and accelerates liver damage

31
Q

What is functional antagonism?

A

2 agonists interact with different receptors to produce opposite effects

ex: adrenergic drug/vasodilator

32
Q

What is chemical antagonism?

A

drug counters effect of another resulting in decreased effect

Ex: CaNa2, EDTA and Pb/As

33
Q

What is dispositional antagonism?

A

metabolism of a chemical is altered and the concentration and/or duration of the chemical are diminished

ex: ETOH/methanol/Ethylene glycol getting metabolized to formaldehyde by alc. dehydrogenase causing blindness and widened anion gap (death)

tx with etoh

34
Q

What is receptor antagonism?

A

receptor configuration/specificty changes

ex. is opiates and nalaxone

35
Q

What are non-deleterious drug side effects?

What are deleterious drug effects?

A

hair loss, itching, hair growth, benign swelling

pharmacological: adriamycin and anticancers (tissue damage)

Pathological: Isoniazid for TB causes hepatic damage

Genotoxic: thalidomide causes phocomelia

36
Q

What are pharmaceutical alternatives?

A

same drug but different formulation or dosage strength

example: tetracycline hydrochloride vs. tetracycline phosphate complex

37
Q

What are the FDA’s updated pregnancy guidelines?

A

the pregnancy subsection will provide info about dosing and risks to fetus and data collection on how pregnant women are affected by drug

info in drug labeling about the existence of any pregnancy registries has been recommended in the past but is now required.

38
Q

What are the FDA’s new guidelines on lactation?

A

replaces “nursing mother’s” section and now includes drugs that should not be used during breastfeeding due to presence in milk or clinical effects on infant

39
Q

What are the FDA’s new guidelines for males and females of reproductive potential?

A

relevant info on pregnancy testing or birth control before/during/after therapy and effects on fertility and miscarriage will be provided when available

40
Q

Common abbreviations that i am unfamiliar with-not inclusive:

QOD:

AC:

PC:

OD:

OS:

OU:

AD:

AS:

AU:

GTT:

A

every other day

before meals (ante comida)

after meals (post comida)

right eye (oculus dextro)

left eye (oculus sinistre)

both eyes

right ear

left ear

both ears

drops

41
Q

Practice writing/reading scripts and maths

A

do it..

Rudy's (6 decks)

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