Intro to Pharm (Iszard) Flashcards
(41 cards)
Describe the six levels of pharmacology (Pyramid of Pharmacology)
- drug names and class (MOA vs. chemical)
- MOA
- Indications/uses
- Toxicities (common/severe and contraindications)
- Monitoring
- Drug Interactions
What are the three ways drugs can be named?
- Chemical (think organic chemistry)
- Generic Name (oxymorphone hydrochloride)
- Brand Name (OPANA)
Compare and Contrast pharmacokinetics vs. pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics looks at the time that the drug is active in the body
Pharmacodynamics looks at the effect of the drug in the body
What is the therapeutic window?
ratio between minimum effective concentrations (MEC) and the minimum toxic concentration
Define therapeutic Equivalence
Must be pharmaceutically equivalent and expected to have the same therapeutic clinical effect and same safety profile
Define bioequivalence
similar rate and extent of absorption
80%-125% of reference product
What are “A” codes for therapeutic equivalence?
Drug products that are considered to be therapeutically equicalent to other pharmceutically equivalent products
What are “B” codes
Drugs that the FDA at this time is considered not to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products
What are schedule 1 drugs?
all non-research use is illegal under federal law
includes rohypnol, marijuana, LSD, PCP
What are schedule II drugs?
no telephone Rxs, no refills
includes opiods, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbitol
What are schedule III drugs?
New Rx written after 6 months or five refills, high potential for abuse
incldues: opiods, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbitol
What are schedule IV drugs?
Rx must be written after 6 months/5 refills, differes from III for illegal possesion
includes low risk for abuse/dependence; propoxyphene, phentermine, alprazolam
What are schedule V drugs?
Non-opiod Rx, Dispensed without Rx,
Drugs with lower potential for abuse, with limited quantities of narcotics; pregabalin-lyrica
Dosage Formula
D/H x Q=one dose
D= Doctor’s order (name and amount prescribed)
H=supply on hand
Q=form of medication
Example: 30mg/60mg x 1 tablet=0.5mg, therefore one dose will be one half of a tablet
Define pharmacotherapeutics
a field of study of appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms
Define pharmacogenomics
a field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic of handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs
Define pharmacoeconomics
a field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies
Define pharmacoepidemiology
a field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations
beta blockers end with-
alpha blockers end with-
ACE inhibitors end with-
Ca Channel blockers end with-
Diuretic agents end with-
- olol
- sin
- pril
- pine
-ide
Development timeline of drugs
in Vitro studies
Animal testing
clinical testing
Marketing
1-2 years
2 years, with investigational new drug at year 4
4-5 years, with new drug application at year 8-9
approx. 20 years and then generic can be made
What are some errors/effects that can come between the physician prescribed dose and the pt administration of the drug?
medication errors and patient compliance
Major reason in past years for drug therapy
What are some errors/effects between the administered dose of a drug and the concentration of the drug at the action site?
- rate and extent of absorption
- body size and composition
- distribution in body fluids
- binding in plasma and tissues
- rate of metabolism and excretion
What are some errors/effects between the concentration of the drug at the action site and the drug’s effects?
- drug-receptor interaction
- functional state of targeted system
- selectivity of drug, propensity to produce unwanted effects
- placebo effects
- resistance
What are some issues with drug concentration at action site that are related to dose and effects?
- physiological variables
- pathological factors
- genetic factors
- interaction with other drugs
- development of tolerance and desensitization
