INTRO TO PHARMA Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
First began when a human first used ____to relieve symptoms of disease
A
plants (herbal medicine).
2
Q
recorded the earliest surviving “prescriptions” on clay tablets in 3000 BC.
A
Babylonians
3
Q
recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies dating to 2700 BC
A
Chinese
4
Q
(Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies
A
Pen Tsao
5
Q
Chinese recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies
A
2700 BC
6
Q
Babylonians recorded the earliest surviving “prescriptions” on clay tablets
A
3000 BC.
7
Q
earliest surviving prescriptions
A
clay tablets
8
Q
archived their remedies on a document known as Eber’s Papyrus.
A
Egyptians
9
Q
Egyptians archived their remedies on a document known as Eber’s Papyrus.
A
1500 B.C.
10
Q
an ancient medical document that contains over 842 remedies for illnesses and injuries
A
Eber’s Papyrus
11
Q
Eber’s Papyrus contains over ____ remedies for illnesses and injuries
A
842
12
Q
Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum is by
A
Samuel Dale
13
Q
first recorded reference to the word pharmacology was found
A
Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum by Samuel
14
Q
Samuel Dale’s Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum
A
1963
15
Q
study of herbal medicines. A term that persisted into the early 20th century.
A
Materia Medica
16
Q
Materia Medica is a term that persisted into the ____
A
early 20th century.
17
Q
Modern Pharmacology Started in
A
early 1800’s
18
Q
Chemists isolate these active agents’
A
morphine, colchicine, cocaine
19
Q
During this time, chemists isolate active agents’
A
Modern Pharmacology
20
Q
isolated morphine from opium
A
Frederich Serturner
21
Q
Frederich Serturner isolated morphine from opium
A
1805
22
Q
first department of pharmacology was established. in
A
Estonia
23
Q
first department of pharmacology was established. in Estonia in
A
1847
24
Q
father of American pharmacology and founded first pharmacology department in the United States at the University in Michigan 1890.
A
John Jacob Abel
25
John Jacob Abel founded first pharmacology department in the
United States at the University in Michigan
26
John Jacob Abel founded first pharmacology department in
1890
27
Hundreds of new drugs can be synthesized and tested for a short time.
20th Century
28
It became possible to understand how drugs produced their effects, down to their molecular mechanism of action.
20th Century
29
Derived from two Greek words: Pharmacon means “medicine” and Logos means “study”.
Pharmacology
30
Study of medicine
Pharmacology
31
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering.
Therapeutics
32
Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering
Pharmacotherapeutics
33
1. Drugs or Medications
2. Biologics
3. Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Classification of Therapeutics Agents
34
chemical agent capable of producing biological responses within the body
Drugs or Medications
35
responses may be desirable (therapeutic) or undesirable (adverse).
Drugs or Medications
36
refers to response after a treatment of any kind, the result of which are judged to be useful or favorable.
Therapeutic Effect
37
an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention
Adverse Effect
38
Are agents naturally produced in animal cells by microorganism or by the body itself.
Biologics
39
Used to treat wide variety of illness
Biologics
40
•Natural plant extracts
• Herbs
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Dietary supplement
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
41
➢ Acupuncture
➢Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy
➢ Biofeedback
➢ Therapeutic Massage
Complementary and Alternative Therapies EXAMPLES
42
treats patients by insertion and manipulation of needles.
Acupuncture
43
Minimally invasive method to stimulate nerve-rich areas of the skin surface to influence tissues, organs, and various functions of the body
Acupuncture
44
Mental state (state theory) or imaginative role-enactment (non-state theory).
Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy
45
Induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a long series of preliminary instructions and suggestions
Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy
46
Measurement of physiological responses that yields information about the relationship between the mind and the body and helps clients learn how to manipulate those responses through mental activity.
Biofeedback
47
Application of pressure and motion by the hands with the intent of improving the recipient’s well-being.
Therapeutic Massage
48
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Minerals and mineral products
4. Chemical substances
Sources of Drugs
49
digitalis, opium, belladonna
Plant Source
50
epinephrine, insulin
Animals Source
51
iron
Minerals and mineral products Source
52
made in the laboratory.
Chemical substances Source
53
1. Prescription drugs
2. OTC
3. Investigational Drugs
4. Illicit or “Street” Drugs
Classification of Drugs
54
- Prescribe by a doctor
- Bought in the pharmacy
- Prescribed and intended to be used by one person
Prescription drugs
55
An order of medication or other forms of therapy which specifies precisely the name of the drug and the dosage regimen to be used by the client or patient for whom it may concern.
Prescription
56
1. Order must be given
2. HCP can examine the client
3. Dx is established
4. Practitioner can order for the proper dug and can control the amt and frqncy.
5. Client can be taught how to use the drug and its side effects.
Prescription drugs
57
Does not require a physician’s order
OTC
58
They may treat themselves safely if they carefully follow instructions included in the medication.
OTC
59
Subjected to clinical studies to evaluate the usefulness of the drug in treating the disease for which it is claimed to be effected
Investigational Drugs
60
These drugs are used and or distributed illegally
Illicit or “Street” Drugs
61
Heroin, stimulants, cocaine, marijuana
Examples of Illicit or “Street” Drugs
62
1. Formulary
2. U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Drug Regulations and Standards
63
List of drugs and drug recipes
Formulary
64
First standard commonly used by pharmacist
Formulary
65
Medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and direction for synthesis
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)
66
The first comprehensive publication of drug standards in US, was established in 1820.
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)
67
U.S. Pharmacopoeia was established in
1820
68
Regulatory Acts, Standards, and Organizations
1. Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)
2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
69
Was created under the Philippines Department of Health as the regulatory and enforcement organization for all food, drug, cosmetic, and related products.
Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)
70
Was officially established as an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
71
1. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
2. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
Branches of the FDA
72
Branch of the FDA, exercises control over whether prescription drugs and OTC drugs may be used for therapy
CDER
73
Branch of FDA, that regulates the use of biologics including serums, vaccines, and blood products.
CBER
74
1. Preclinical Investigation
2. Clinical Investigation
3. Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)
4. Post marketing Surveillance
4 Phases of Therapeutic Drugs and Biologics
75
Involves extensive laboratory research
Preclinical Investigation
76
Studies performed in several species of animals to examine the drugs’ effectiveness at different doses and to look for adverse effects
Preclinical Investigation
77
The second stage of drug testing, takes place in 3 different stages termed clinical phase trials
Clinical Investigation
78
The longest part of the drug approval access
Clinical Investigation
79
Third stage of the drug approval process
Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)
80
This stage, clinical phase III trials and animals may continue depending on the results obtained from the preclinical testing.
Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)
81
The final stage of the drug approval process begins after clinical trials and the NDA review have been completed
Post marketing Surveillance
82
The purpose of this stage is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population
Post marketing Surveillance
83
➢ Therapeutic Classification
➢ Pharmacological Classification
➢ Mechanism of Action
Drug Classes and Schedule
84
organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating a particular disease.
Therapeutic Classification
85
refers to the way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level.
Pharmacological Classification
86
how drugs produce its effect in the body.
Mechanism of Action
87
Influence blood clotting
Anticoagulant
88
Lower blood cholesterol
Antihyperlipidemics
89
Lower blood pressure
Antihypertensive
90
treat angina
Antianginals
91
restore normal cardiac rythym
Antidysrythmics
92
1. Anticoagulant
2. Antihyperlipidemic
3. Antihypertensive
4. Antianginals
5. Antidysrhythmic
ex according to Therapeutic Classification
93
1. Diuretic
2. Calcium Channel Blocker
3. Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor
4. Adrenergic-antagonist (blocker)
5. Vasodilator
ex according to Pharmacological Classification
94
Lowers Plasma Volume
Diuretic
95
Blocks heart calcium channels
Calcium Channel Blocker
96
Blocks hormonal activity
Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor
97
Blocks physiologic reax to stress
Adrenergic-antagonist (blocker)
98
Dilates peripheral blood vessels
Vasodilator
99
Helpful in predicting a substance physical and chemical properties
Chemical Name
100
Conveys clear and concise meaning about the nature of the drug, they are often complicated and difficult to remember or pronounce
Chemical Name
101
Describes the drug’s chemical nature
Chemical Name
102
o Lithium carbonate
o Calcium gluconate
o Sodium chloride
Chemical Name examples
103
Less complicated and easier to remember
Usually, lower cased
Generic Name
104
Only one generic name for each drug, health care providers often use this name
Generic Name
105
Is the official nonproprietary name for the drug.
Generic Name
106
Assigned by the company marketing the drug
Trade Name/Brand Name
107
Also called proprietary or product or brand name
Trade Name/Brand Name
108
Usually capitalized
Trade Name/Brand Name
109
contains more than one active generic ingredients.
Combination drug
110
Combination drug
Trade Name/Brand Name
111
Physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effects.
Bioavailability
112
Drug whose use is restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Controlled Substance
113
Controlled Substance use is restricted by
Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
114
generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use are regulated by a government
Control substance
115
refers to the overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use drugs repeatedly
Addiction
116
physiological or psychological need for a substance.
Dependence
117
refers to an altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeat drug use
Physical Dependence
118
the individual expresses physical signs of discomfort when the drug is no longer available.
Withdrawal
119
the individual feels an intense compelling desire to continue drug use.
Psychologically Dependent
120
Drugs that have a significant potential for abuse.
Scheduled Drugs
121
Therap use is limited or none
DS 1
122
Therapeutically used w/ precription
DS 2,3,4
123
Therapeutically used w/o precription
DS 5
124
Highest, high,high
DS 1
125
high, high. high
DS 2
126
Mod, mod, high
DS 3
127
lower, lower, lower
DS 4
128
lowest, lowest, lowest
DS 5
129
Heroin
Isd
Marijuana
Methaqualone
DS 1 examples
130
Morphine
Cocaine
Methadone
Methamphetamines'
DS 2 examples
131
Steroids
Codeine
Hydrocodone w/ aspirin or Tylenol
Some barbiturates
DS 3 examples
132
Dextropropoxyphene
Pentazocine
Meprobamate
Diazepam
Alprazolam
DS 4 examples
133
OTC
Cough meds w/ codeine
DS 5 examples
