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pharma > intro to pharmaco pt1 > Flashcards

intro to pharmaco pt1 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

2 phases of tablets or capsules taken by mouth

A

PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS

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2
Q

processes of PHARMACOKINETICS (adme)

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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3
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS responses

A

biologic response
physiologic response

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4
Q

process of drug movement throughout the body that is necessary to achieve drug action

A

pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

refers to the movement of drug into the bloodstream after administration

A

ABSORPTION

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6
Q

used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take a particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution

A

EXCIPIENTS

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7
Q

simple syrup, vegetable gums and aromatic powders are example of what

A

EXCIPIENTS

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8
Q

tablet has to be broken down into small particles before it is absorbed

A

DISINTEGRATION

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9
Q

small particles must combine with a liquid to form a solution

A

DISSOLUTION

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10
Q

Enteric coated drugs are meant to be absorbed in

A

small intestine

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11
Q

where does absorption happens

A

mucosal lining of the small intestine

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12
Q

Does not require energy

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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13
Q

drug moves across the
cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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15
Q

requires energy
requires a carrier such as an
enzyme or a protein

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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16
Q

cells carry a drug across their
membrane by engulfing the drug particles into a vesicle

A

PINOCYTOSIS

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17
Q

drugs that do not pass GIT

A

parenteral
buccal
inhalation

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18
Q

absorption effect on LIVER

A

metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted thus reducing the amount of drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect

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19
Q

refers to the percentage of
administered drug available
for activity

A

Bioavailability

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20
Q

FACTORS THAT ALTER BIOAVAILABILITY

A

drug form
route of administration
gastric mucosa and motility
administration with food and other drugs
changes in liver metabolism

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21
Q

refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues

A

DISTRIBUTION

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22
Q

influenced by the rate of the blood flow to the tissue, drugs affinity to the tissue and protein binding

A

DISTRIBUTION

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23
Q

drugs that are 90 % bound to protein

A

Highly protein-bound drugs

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24
Q

drugs that are less than 10 % bound to protein

A

Weakly protein-bound drugs

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25
The portion of the drug that is bound to the protein
inactive
26
The portion that remains unbound
free active drug
27
metabolism or biotransformation
DRUG METABOLISM
28
process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted
DRUG METABOLISM
29
collectively referred to as cytochrome P450 of drug metabolizing enzymes convert drugs to metabolites
Liver enzymes
30
time it takes for the amount of drug into the body to be reduced by half
Drug half-life
31
amount of drug being administered is the same amount of drug being eliminated
Steady state
32
necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit
Steady state
33
administration of a large initial dose of a medicine used to ensure a quick therapeutic response
Loading dose
34
given for a short period before therapy continues with a lower maintenance dose
Loading dose
35
main route is the kidneys
DRUG EXCRETION
36
drugs are also excreted through
bile lungs saliva sweat breast milk
37
in drug excretion, the problem is a profusion of the blood towards the kidney
Prerenal
38
in drug excretion, the problem is within the kidneys or the formation of urine
Intrarenal
39
in drug excretion, the problem is the outflow of urine from the kidneys
Postrenal
40
study of the effects of drugs in the body
PHARMACODYNAMICS
41
drugs act within the body to mimic the actions of the body's own chemical messengers
PHARMACODYNAMICS
42
is the body's physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action
dose-response relationship
43
amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug
POTENCY
44
produced a significant therapeutic response
High potency
45
produces minimal therapeutic response at low concentrations
Low potency
46
the point at which increasing the drug's dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response
MAXIMAL EFFICACY
47
the difference between the toxic and therapeutic doses
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
48
describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of the drug (𝑬𝑫𝟓𝟎 ) and the toxic dose of the drug ( 𝑻𝑫𝟓𝟎)
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
49
dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the population
Therapeutic Dose (𝑬𝑫𝟓𝟎)
50
dose of a drug that produces a toxic response in 50% of the population
Toxic Dose (𝑻𝑫𝟓𝟎)
51
is a time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration after administration
Onset
52
drug reaches its highest concentration in blood
Peak
53
Length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
Duration of Action
54
drugs take effect in the body by binding into a receptor and activate it
Duration of Action
55
a drug molecule that binds to a receptor
Ligand
56
it is where the ligand will bind
Enzyme linked receptor
57
The four receptor families
Cell membrane embedded enzymes Ligand-gated ion channels G protein-coupled receptor system Transcription factors
58
The ligand binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface
Cell membrane embedded enzymes
59
the drug activates the enzyme inside the cell and the response is initiated
Cell membrane embedded enzymes
60
The channel crosses the cell membrane
Ligand-gated ion channels
61
when the channel opens ions flow into and out of the cells
Ligand-gated ion channels
62
this primarily affects sodium and calcium ions
Ligand-gated ion channels
63
3 components of G protein-coupled receptor system
Receptor G-Protein Effector
64
ligands that can pass through the cellular membrane enters the cell
Transcription factors
65
receptor site is found inside the nucleus
Transcription factors
66
are drugs that activate receptors and produce a desired response
Agonist
67
are drugs that prevent receptor activation and blocks a response
Antagonists
68
when the drug affects multiple receptor sites
Nonspecific drug
69
affects only one type of receptor but of various or multiple receptor sites
Nonspecific drug
70
when the drug affects multiple receptors
Nonselective Drug
71
secondary effects of drug therapy can be desirable and undesirable
Side Effects
72
are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that can occur at normal drug dosages
Adverse reaction
73
occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range
Drug Toxicity
74
decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy
Tolerance
75
acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug
Tachyphylaxis
76
altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or more multiple drugs
Drug Interaction
77
food increases, decreases or delays the body’s from a pharmacokinetic response to drug
Drug-Nutrient Interaction
78
when two drugs are administered in combination response is increased beyond what either could produce alone
Additive drug effect
79
occurs when a diuretic and a beta blocker are administered for the treatment of hypertension
Desirable additive drug effect
80
One reduces or blocks the effect of another
Antagonistic drug effect
81
the study of genetic factors that influence an individual's response to specific drugs
Pharmacogenetics
82
is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of a drug
Placebo effect
83
a subdivision of ethnomedicine and focuses on the use of herbs powder teas and animal products as healing remedies
Ethnopharmacology
84
Are drugs that have been found to be safe and appropriate for use without the direct supervision of a health care provider
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS
85
MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION
Stimulate Depress Irritate cells replace certain chemicals produce cytotoxic and antimicrobial actions modification of immune status
86
Enhances intrinsic activity like adrenergic drugs which increases heart rate, sweating, and respiratory rate
A drug that stimulates (stimulation)
87
Decrease neural activity and bodily functions
Depressant drugs
88
Have noxious effect
Drugs that irritate
89
Such as insulin replace essential body compounds in the case of a person with diabetes mellitus, the problem is there could be inadequate number of insulin in the body
Replacement drugs
90
Selectively kill invading parasites or cancers
Cytotoxic drugs
91
Drugs that prevent, inhibit, or kill infectious organisms
Antimicrobial medications
92
Modify, enhance, or depress the immune system
Drugs that modify the immune status
93
most common form of oral medication
tablet
94
it may be a liquid or the powder form of a medication inside it
capsule
95
There are small beads within it The medication will be released in small amounts over time
Time-released capsule or also called as Spansule
96
Medication will be swallowed by the patient
Oral
97
Place the medication between the cheek and the gum
Buccal
98
Place the medication under the tongue
Sublingual
99
liquid containing a medicinal drug with syrup, glycerin, or alcohol added to mask its unpleasant taste
Elixir
100
consists of undissolved particles of one or more medicinal agents mixed with a liquid vehicle for oral administration
Suspension
101
Mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible or unmixable
Emulsion
102
The administration of a medicine generally in liquid form either drop by drop or with a catheter into a body space or cavity
INSTALLATIONS
103
INSTALLATIONS drugs
1. Eye drops 2. Eye ointment 3. Nasal spray 4. Ear drop or optic drops
104
INHALATIONS drugs
1. Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI) 2. Nebulizer
105
a tube is inserted to the stomach through the abdominal wall
NASOGASTRIC AND GASTRONOMY TUBES
106
a solid medical preparation that is cone or spindle-shaped for insertion into the rectum
SUPPOSITORIES
107
made from glycerinated gelatine or high molecular weighted polyethylene glycols and are more common vehicles for a variety of drugs
SUPPOSITORIES
108
useful route in babies who are uncooperative patients and in cases of vomiting or certain digestive disorders
SUPPOSITORIES
109
FIVE plus FIVE” of Medication Administration
Right Patient Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route Right Assessment Right Documentation Right to Education Right Evaluation Right to Refuse

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