Intro To Pharmacology

Question 1

Define neuropharmacology

Answer 1

Study of drug induced changes in the nervous system

Question 2

Define psychopharmacology

Answer 2

Study of drug induced changes is cognition and behaviour and mood

Question 3

Drug action

Answer 3

Specific molecular changes produced when drug binds to receptor

Question 4

Drug effect

Answer 4

Widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functioning. Site of action can be very different than site of effect

Question 5

Therapeutic effects vs side effects

Answer 5

Desired effects vs all other effects

Question 6

Specific drug effects

Answer 6

Effects based on physical and biochemical activity of drug receptor interaction

Question 7

Nonspecific drug effects

Answer 7

Effects based on individuals unique characteristics (i.e. Age, gender, etc.)

Question 8

Placebo

Answer 8

Nonspecific drug effect that can have therapeutic and side effects despite being a pharmacologically inert substance

Question 9

Naloxone

Answer 9

Opioid antagonist, also blocks placebo effect

Question 10

Cholecystokinin

Answer 10

Peptide In GI, modulates nocebo effect

Inhibits opioids

Question 11

Dopamine

Answer 11

Parkinson’s patients respond to placebo effects of treatments, positive and negative suggestions correlate with endogenous dopamine concentrations

Question 12

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

Factors contributing to bioavailability (administration, absorption, distribution, binding, inactivation, and excretion of a drug)

Question 13

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 13

Study of physiological and biochemical interactions of s drug with the target tissue responsible for drugs actions.

Question 14

First pass metabolism

Answer 14

Chemicals passed via portal vein to liver to be metabolized, reduces bioavailability

Question 15

Oral admin

Answer 15

Slow, variable absorption, safer

Question 16

IV admin

Answer 16

Rapid, accurate concentration, more dangerous (OD, sterile)

Question 17

IM admin

Answer 17

Slow, even absorption

Question 18

Subcutaneous admin

Answer 18

Slow, prolonged absorption

Question 19

Inhalation

Answer 19

Large SA, rapid onset

Question 20

Topical admin

Answer 20

Localized action and effects

Question 21

Transdermal

Answer 21

Controlled and prolonged absorption

Question 22

Epidural admin

Answer 22

Bypass BBB, rapid CNS effect. Irreversible

Question 23

Lipid soluble drug absorption

Answer 23

Pass through plasma membrane easily

Question 24

Ionization of drugs

Answer 24

More ionization=less absorption
Depends on pKa and pH
Weak acids ionize better in alkaline environments and weak bases in acidic

Question 25

Lidocaine

Answer 25

Blocks sodium channels, results in inhibition of inhibitory, then excitatory CNS pathways

Question 26

Blood brain barrier

Answer 26

Capillaries structured differently to restrict access of molecules Astrocytes help maintain tight junctions Incomplete at area postrema and median eminence

Question 27

Depot binding

Answer 27

Inactive sites where drugs can bind and be released later. | Competitive binding to a depot may increase concentrations of displaced drugs

Question 28

First order kinetics

Answer 28

Exponential elimination of free drug, 50% of drug is removed each time interval Concentration dependent

Question 29

Half life

Answer 29

Amount of time required to remove half the drug from a system

Question 30

0 order kinetics

Answer 30

Constant removal rate of drug regardless of concentration

Question 31

Steady state plasma level

Answer 31

Point at which drug absorption is equal to drug metabolism | Approached after time period equal to five half lives

Question 32

Type 1/phase1 biotransformation

Answer 32

Nonsynthetic modifications; redox, hydrolysis. Usually decreases activity, but can produce active metabolites

Question 33

Type 2/ phase2 biotransformations

Answer 33

Synthetic modifications that require conjugation of the drug with a small molecule (ie methyl group) to produce less lipid soluble molecule (ionic)

Question 34

Microsomal enzymes

Answer 34

Enzymes in liver with low specificity to metabolize xenobiotics Cytochrome p450

Question 35

Enzyme induction

Answer 35

Drug increases enzymes concentration, can also effect non target drug concentrations

Question 36

Enzyme inhibition

Answer 36

Drugs inhibiting action of enzymes ie MAOi

Question 37

Factors influencing drug metabolism

Answer 37

Enzyme induction/inhibition Drug competition Individual differences

Question 38

Up regulation

Answer 38

Increase in amount of receptors for given drug

Question 39

Down regulation

Answer 39

Reduction in number of receptors

Question 40

Dose response curve

Answer 40

Amount of effect for a given drug concentration

Question 41

Potency

Answer 41

Absolute amount of drug needed for effect

Question 42

Efficacy

Answer 42

Ability of drug to perform desired action

Question 43

Therapeutic index

Answer 43

ED50/LD50 margin of safety between how effective drug is and how much drug is needed for a lethal dose. Larger=more safe

Question 44

What is pharmacology?

Answer 44

Scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

Question 45

Physiological antagonism

Answer 45

Two drugs produce opposite effects and reduce each other's effectiveness

Question 46

Additive effects

Answer 46

Combined drug effects equals sum of each drug alone

Question 47

Potentiation

Answer 47

Combined drug effects are greater than the sum of individual drug effects

Question 48

Drug tolerance

Answer 48

Diminished response to drug administration after repeated exposure

Question 49

Sensitization

Answer 49

Enhancement of particular drug effects following repeated exposure to the drug

Question 50

Metabolic tolerance (drug disposition)

Answer 50

Repeated use of drug reduces amount of drug in target tissue (ie enzyme induction)

Question 51

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 51

Changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of drug ie amount of receptors

Question 52

Behavioural tolerance

Answer 52

Context specific tolerance

Question 53

Proglumide

Answer 53

CCK antagonist, potentiates analgesic placebo effect