Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

What is a pro-drug?

Answer 1

Converted to active drug in body

Question 2

What are pharmacotherapeutics?

Answer 2

Study appropriate use of meds

Question 3

What is pharmacoeconomics?

Answer 3

Study methods to evaluate value between therapies

Question 4

What is pharmacoepidemiology?

Answer 4

Study use and effects of meds in large populations

Question 5

What are the key aspects of each drug class?

Answer 5

Drug name and class (MOA vs chemical) MOA Indications/Uses Toxicities via side effects and contraindications Monitoring Drug Interactions

Question 6

Suffix of beta blockers

Answer 6

-lol

Question 7

Suffix of alpha blockers

Answer 7

-sin

Question 8

Suffix of ACE inhibitors

Answer 8

-pril

Question 9

Suffix of H2 antagonists (blockers)

Answer 9

-ine

Question 10

Suffix of proton pump inhibitors

Answer 10

-zole

Question 11

Suffix of calcium channel antagonists (blockers)

Answer 11

-ipine

Question 12

Suffix of diuretics

Answer 12

-ide

Question 13

How can all substances be poisons?

Answer 13

DOSAGE/amount ingested

Question 14

What factors contribute to concentration of drug at action sites?

Answer 14

BMI (physiological) pathologies genetics interaction with other drugs tolerance and desensitization

Question 15

What leads to drug therapy failure primarily?

Answer 15

med errors and patient compliance

Question 16

What is MEC and its relation to TI?

Answer 16

Minimum effective concentration TI is therapeutic index between MEC for desired response and adverse response –>high TI, hard to overdose (benzos) –> low TI, hard to get right dose and easy to have adverse response

Question 17

What drugs have low TIs?

Answer 17

Digoxin Lithium Warfarin

Question 18

What is the usual lag period for drugs?

Answer 18

20 minutes

Question 19

Why are liquid drugs used over solid drugs in hospital/emergent settings?

Answer 19

Liquids have higher surface area, so absorb faster and bypass lag period

Question 20

Describe additive drugs

Answer 20

Both drugs together give expected effect

2+3=5

Alcohol and Diphenhydramine

Question 21

Describe synergistic drugs

Answer 21

Multiple interactions have more than expected effect

3+3=9

Alcohol and alpraxolam

Question 22

Why is alcohol and alprazolam deadly?

Answer 22

Alprazolam is a benzo with high TI so can’t overdose easily

However once alcohol is ingested, increases rxn that kills

Question 23

Describe potentiation of drugs

Answer 23

Something that isn’t toxic by itself becomes toxic with another drug

2+0=4

alcohol and CCl4 becomes a free radical

Question 24

What are the types of antagonistic mechanisms?

Answer 24

Functional: different receptors produce opposite effects (adrenergic + vasodilator)

Chemical: counters effect of another to decrease overall (EDTA with lead or arsenic poisoning)

Dispositional: metabolism altered to decrease concentration or duration (give ethanol with methanol poisonin= Competitive Antagonist)

Receptor: change configuration or specificity (narcan high specificity)

Question 25

Give example of drug with deleterious pharmacological effects

Answer 25

anti-cancer agents, adriamycin

Question 26

Give example of pathological deleterious effects

Answer 26

INH to treat TB can lead to kidney damage if not monitored

Question 27

GIve example of genotoxic deleterious effects

Answer 27

thalidomide used as a sedative in pregnent mothers--\> phocomelia (no limbs) in newborns

Question 28

What is pharmaceutical equivalence?

Answer 28

Same ingredients, dosage form and route, strength/concentration, purity standards

Question 29

What is pharmaceutical alternatives?

Answer 29

SAME DRUG but different complexes, dosages or strengths

Question 30

What is therapeutic equivalence?

Answer 30

Pharmaceutically equivalent and has same effect and safety

Question 31

What is bioequivalence?

Answer 31

Similar rae and extent of absorption 80-125% of reference product

Question 32

What is the main difference between A and B FDA codes?

Answer 32

A is therapeutically quivalent B is not

Question 33

What is 1/1000 of a gram?

Answer 33

milligram (mg)

Question 34

WHat is 1/1000th of a milligram?

Answer 34

microgram (mcg)

Question 35

Describe Schedule 1 drug

Answer 35

Illegal for all non-research use Marijuana, LSD, PCP, Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

Question 36

Describe Schedule 2 drug

Answer 36

Must be original and hand delivered to pharmacy (no telephone or refills) opioids, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbital

Question 37

Describe Schedule 3 drug

Answer 37

**New** prescription after 6 months or 5 refills (same drugs as 2--\>opioids, amphetamines etc.)

Question 38

Describe Schedule 4 drug

Answer 38

Prescription written after 6 months or 5 refills low potential for abuse and dependence propoxyphene, phenteramine, alprazolam

Question 39

Describe Schedule 5 drug

Answer 39

Non opioid prescription or no prescription

Question 40

When do drug schedules switch from high potential for abuse to low potential?

Answer 40

After Schedule 3

Question 41

What are the pregnancy categories used by FDA as of 2015?

Answer 41

Pregnancy (L&D) Lactation Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Question 42

q.i.d

Answer 42

4 times per day

Question 43

q.o.d

Answer 43

every other day

Question 44

hs

Answer 44

at bedtime

Question 45

ac

Answer 45

before meals

Question 46

pc

Answer 46

after meals

Question 47

o.d.

Answer 47

right eye

Question 48

o.s.

Answer 48

left eye

Question 49

o.u.

Answer 49

both eyes

Question 50

a.d.

Answer 50

right ear

Question 51

a.s.

Answer 51

left ear

Question 52

a.u.

Answer 52

both ears

Question 53

gtt

Answer 53

drops

Question 54

qd

Answer 54

every day

Question 55

p.r.

Answer 55

per rectum

Question 56

NGT

Answer 56

nasogastric tube

Question 57

OGT

Answer 57

orogastric tube

Question 58

exlir.

Answer 58

liquid or syrup

Question 59

supp.

Answer 59

inserted rectally

Question 60

c with line over it

Answer 60

with

Question 61

IVPB

Answer 61

IV piggyback

Question 62

Dosage formula

Answer 62

ordered/supply x quantity

Question 63

Order 30mg, 60mg supply, 1 tablet

Answer 63

30/60 \* 1 = 0.5mg dose 1 dose is 1/2 tablet

Question 64

Which is more potent?

Answer 64

B

Question 65

Which is more efficient?

Answer 65

Everything except B

Question 66

What is less potent than B and A and effective?

Answer 66

C and D