Intro to Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards by Patrick Dunleavy

5 components of pharmacology include:
A. The Drug, Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosage, and toxicity
B. Drug, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacotherapeutics, Drug Toxicity
C. Pharmacology, Physician, Prescription, Diagnosis, Dosage

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All of the following are the 3 sources of drugs except:
A. natural
B. semisynthetic 
C. old
D. synthetic

C. old

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What active ingredient in plants are basic nitrogenous substances that end with "ine"?
A. alkaline
B. salts
C. alkaloids
D. trees

C. alkaloids

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T/F: Volatile oils do NOT evaporate when exposed to air

False, fixed oils will not evaporate when exposed to air

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T/F: alkaloids are insoluble in water

True

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What non-nitro plant constituent produces an astringent effect?
A. alkaloids
B. gums
C. tannins
D. metals

C. tannins

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All of the following are states of drugs except:
A. solid
B. permeable
C. liquid
D. semisolid
E. gas/vapor

B. permeable

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T/F: pharmaceutics refers to giving drugs

False: pharmaceutics refers to taking drugs from crude forms and making into medically useful preparations

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T/F: a spirit is a non volatile substance

False; a tincture is non volatile, a spirit is volatile. Both are alcoholic liquid preparations

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T/F an emulsion is an oily substance dispersed in aqueous medium

True, a suspension is an aqueous solution of solids containing a dispersing agent

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Gums, Syrups, and Glycosides share what common feature?
A. they all have a phosphate
B. they all have sugars
C. they all are neat
D. they all are cool

B. they all contain sugars

Glycosides: sugars and other organic structures
Gums: polysaccharides secreted by trees
Syrups: solution of medicinal agents in >50% sucrose solution

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Which of the following are the main routes of drug administration?
A. local/topical
B. oral
C. systemic
D. paternal
E. A and C

E. A and C

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T/F: Enteral is oral or into the GI tract as the systemic route, PO (per os)

True

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T/F: Parenteral is extra oral or extra GI route of systemic drug administration (IV, IM, SQ, or SC)

True

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T/F: A Dose is the amount of drug per unit body weight

False; that is dosage

A Dose is the amount of drug given to achieve a desired effect

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The 3 categories of drug products include all of the following except:
A. Over the Counter
B. Cheap
C. Prescription (not controlled)
D. Prescription (controlled)

B. cheap

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T/F: All controlled drugs cannot be prescribed with refills

False: Class II drugs can’t be refilled & can only be prescribes for 34 days or 1 month
-Classes III, IV, V can be refilled 5 times w/in 6mo of the original prescription

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T/F: The drug enforcement agency (DEA) regulates controlled drugs

True

The FDA regulates all other prescription drugs

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The National Drug Code (NDC) is required on prescription medications. What agency assigns this 10 digit number?
A. FDA
B. ICZN
C. DEA
D. WHO

C. The DEA assigns the NDC

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The New Animal Drug Application (NADA) number is assigned by which agency?
A. FDA
B. ICZN
C. DEA
D. WHO

A. The FDA assigns the NADA # following drug approval

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What is the ED50?
A. Effective dose 99
B. Lethal Dose 50
C. Lethal Dose 99
D. Dose that causes therapeutic effect in 50% of the animals
E. Effective Dose Fifty
F. Both D and E

F. Both D and E

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T/F: The LD50 (lethal dose fifty) is the dose that causes death in 50% of the animals in a group

True

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How is the Therapeutic Index calculated?
A. ratio between LD99/ED99
B. ratio between ED50/LD50
C. ratio between the Ld50/Ed50

C. ratio between the LD50/ED50

The larger the TI the WIDER the safety of the drug!

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What is the Standard Safety Margin (SSM) and how is it calculated?
A. % dose increase between ED99 & LD1
B. % dose increase between ED50 and LD99
C. % dose increase between ED50 and LD50

A. SSM 100% is percentage dose increase between ED99 & LD1, more accurate than the TI

SSM 100%= (LD1- ED99/ED99) x 100 or

(LD1/ED99 -1) x 100

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``` Which of the following is not an abbreviation for eyes? A. OS B. OD C. OU D. OP ```

D. OP Left eye: OS Right Eye: OD Both eyes: OU

``` Which is the proper abbreviation for the right ear? A. AS B. AU C. AD D. OD ```

C. AD. Left ear is AS Right ear is AD Both AU

``` How do we express an order for a drug to be administered 3x a day? A. Every 8 hours B. q8hr C. tid D. bid E. A, B, and C ```

E. A, B, and C

``` What does p.r.n. mean? A. whenever B. two times daily C. Pro re nata (as needed) D. All the time ```

C. pro re nata (as needed)

``` What do newborn & geriatrics patients have in common regarding drug dosage & response? A. Decreases drug metabolism B. Decreased Drug excretion C. Volatile Fluids D. Decreased plasma protein binding E. A, B, D ```

E. A, B, D

T/F: Severe liver disease affects drug pharmacodynamics by decreasing drug excretion and decreased renal blood flow

False: Severe liver disease decreases drug biotransformation (metabolism) Severe kidney disease decreases drug excretion Congestive Heart Failure decreases drug excretion and decreases renal blood flow

Which of the following is true regarding drug hypersensitivity? A. only drugs containing proteins can cause hypersensitivity reactions B. hypersensitivity reactions are not dose dependent C. Retinal damage in cats after enrofloxacin is an example of hypersensitivity D. Antigen-antibody hypersensitivity reactions require prior drug exposure

1 fl. oz = ___ mL

30mL

gr. viiss = ____ mg

488 mg | gr. i = 65 mg for all intents and purposes

1qt = ___ L

1T = ___ mL

15mL

1 kg = ___ lb

2.2lb

Convert 4% to a fraction, ratio, and decimal:

Fraction: 4% = 4/100 = 1/25 Ratio: 4% = 1/25 = 1:25 Decimal: 4% = 4/100 = 0.04

Pharmacology : A. study of the interactions of drugs with living systems B. application of pharmacology principles to patients C. science of the preparation of drugs D. study of poisons and their treatments

``` Physical drug properties include all of the following except: A. Liquid/Pill B. Tablet/Capsule C. Fat Soluble/ Water Soluble D. Size, color, shape, taste ```

``` The 4 therapeutic used of a drug include all of the following except: A. Extra label B. prophylactic C. distribution D. Empiric E. Rational ```

C. distribution

T/F: Pharmacokinetics is everything the body does to the drug after administration

True: absorption, distribution, metabolism/ biotransformation, excretion

T/F: an example of a glycoside is digitalis

True

Resins: A. formed by polymerization of volatile oils B. formed by polymerization of fixed oils C. are polysaccharides secreted by trees D. are non nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect

``` All of the following are animal sources except: A. blood B. antibiotics C. plasma D. hormones ```

T/F: Fungal and bacterial sources both make antibiotics

True

T/F an example of a semisynthetic source is amoxicillin, and an example of a synthetic source is aspirin

True

T/F: systemic routes of administration are generally safe, convenient, and infection at site is not a concern

True

T/F: Class I has the least abuse potential and an example is buprenorphine

False; they have the highest abuse potential and an example is heroin

T/F: class II example is morphine

true

T/F: class III example is diazepam

False, class III would be anabolic steroids

T/F: class IV example would be diazepam

True

T/F: classes refer to schedule of controlled drugs

True

T/F: schedule II drugs have a max prescription of 34 days

True

``` Are all of the following directions for use correct? A. SID- once daily B. BID- 2x a day C. TID- every 8hrs D. PO- every week ```

D is wrong, PO means by mouth

T/F: compounded medications can be created only by a licensed pharmacist or vet

True

``` Posology is: A. amount of drug given B. amount of drug per unit body weight C. study of drug doses D. study of small life ```

T/F a toxic dose is a dose that causes death

False; that is lethal | Toxic produces adverse clinical changes

``` All of the following are factors relating to the environment except: A. Idiosyncrasy B. temperature C. Humidity D. Oxygen ```

T/F: Factors related to the animal include: species, breed, individual; weight, sex, temperament; idiosyncrasy, hypersensitivity, disease, tolerance

True

T/F factors related to the drug include temperature

False; they include route and timing, cumulation, and drug to drug interactions

``` What breeds are sensitive to many drugs such as ivermectin? A. shepards B. collies C. retrievers D. Men ```

T/F: geriatric patients decrease everything while increasing body fat and distribution

True

T/F: Pediatric patients Increase total body water

True

Does pregnancy increase the volume of distribution?

yes

``` Idiosyncrasy is... A. allergic drug reaction B. individual drug sensitivity C. not dose dependent D. both B and C ```

``` Hypersensitivity: A. allergic drug rxn B. requires prior exposure C. drugs act as antigens D. all of the above ```

Hepatic dysfunction: A. can't metabolize normally B. can't excrete normally C. can't pump drug to site of excretion normally

A ``` B= renal insufficiency C= congestive heart failure ```

T/F: cumulation occurs when rate of elimination is slower than rate of absorption

True

Summation interactions: A. intensification of effects; give another drug with different action B. sum of the effects of the drugs C. decrease effect of another drug

T/F: synergism is EXAGGERATION of effects, giving another drug with same action

TRUE

7 Sources of drugs: | All Good Rossies Get To Finish Victoriously

``` Alkaline Gum Resin Glycosides Tannins Fixed Volatile ```

``` What dosage form would best be suitable for both powdered and certain liquid drugs? A. mixture B. pill C. capsule D. paste ```

C. capsule

``` What would you call a hydro alcoholic solution that has been sweetened or flavored? A. emulsion B. elixir C. extract D. syrup ```

``` Who is in charge of regulating vaccines? A. FDA B. DEA C. USDA D. FDA-CVM ```

USDA

is a very unique drug because it is administered orally, not for systemic but for local fungal infections! It works well for dermatophytes like ringworm, because it is sequestered in keratinized tissue it ends up in high concentrations in skin, hair, and nails. The drug is metabolized in phase 1 stage of liver biotransformation (oxidation) and thus may cause liver damage in some cats. This adverse liver affect is called what? A. tachyphylaxis B. hypersensitivity C. idiosyncrasy

A drug called Zip-Pow counters the effect of another drug called Giggity-Wap by binding to different receptors and opposing each others effects. What type of drug would Zip-Pow be? A. noncompetetve pharmacological antagonist B. competitive pharmacological antagonist C. physiological antagonist D. chemical antagonist

``` You give one drug that works on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors to constrict blood vessels in systemic circulation increasing blood pressure. At the same time you give another drug that works on the same receptors only in the heart to slow Ca2+ reabsorption increasing cardiac output. The effect of increased cardiac output and the effect of increased vasoconstriction exaggerates one another leading to an effect that is greater then the effect the drugs would each have if given on their own. This is an example of what? A. Summation B. Potentiation C. Synergism D. Antagonism ```

Intro to Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards

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