Intro to Physiology

Question 1

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 1

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Result

Question 2

What are the 6 levels of organization?

Answer 2

Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Chemical/Molecular

Question 3

What are the 3 main chemicals in our body?

Answer 3

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

Question 4

What are organic compounds?

Answer 4

Covalently bonded compounds containing C, H, O

Question 5

What are the 4 main types of compounds in the body?

Answer 5

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Question 6

What is the order of composition of water, proteins, lipids, and carbs in the body?

Answer 6

Water- 67%
Proteins- 20%
Lipids- 10%
Carbs- 3%

Question 7

How many systems does the human body have?

Answer 7

11

Question 8

What is the definition of an organ system?

Answer 8

Perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity

Question 9

What is a conformer organism?

Answer 9

An organism that does not perform homeostasis

Question 10

What is a regulator organism?

Answer 10

An organism that performs homeostasis

Question 11

What are the two components of ATP?

Answer 11

Adenosine Group
Triphosphate group

Question 12

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

Answer 12

ATP - triphosphate
ADP- disphosphate

Question 13

How much energy is contained by ATP?

Answer 13

7.3 kcal mol-1

Question 14

What is important about energy metabolism?

Answer 14

Multi-step process and bi-directional

Question 15

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 15

In the cytososl

Question 16

Where does respiration occur?

Answer 16

The mitochondria

Question 17

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 17

coupling of transport of H+ across membrane to ATP synthesis

Question 18

Where does chemiosmosis occur?

Answer 18

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 19

What are the main steps of glycolysis?

Answer 19

5/6 C sugars to 3 C sugars
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

How many pyruvate does each molecule og glucose produce?

Answer 20

2

Question 21

How many ATP molecules does Glucose produce?

Answer 21

38

Question 22

How many ATP molecules are produced in each step of glycolysis?

Answer 22

Substrate level phosphorylation- 2
Krebs cycle- 2
Oxidative phosphorylation- 34

Question 23

What drives diffusion?

Answer 23

Random motion

Question 24

What is the Fick Diffusion Equation?

Answer 24

Defines the rate of diffusion of a solute

Question 25

What is the Ds in the Fick Equation?

Answer 25

Diffusion coefficient of s Depends on chemical properties, molecular weight of s

Question 26

What is the A in the Fick Equation?

Answer 26

The cross-sectional area through which s diffuses

Question 27

What is cDs in the Fick Equation?

Answer 27

Change in concentration

Question 28

What is dx in the Fick Equation?

Answer 28

distance

Question 29

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 29

Stops osmosis because it is equal to osmotic pressure

Question 30

What is osmotic equilibrium?

Answer 30

Osmotic pressure= hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 31

Pressure applied to a solution to prevent inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane

Question 32

What determines osmotic pressure?

Answer 32

Number of solutes per volume

Question 33

What concentration of solutes have a high osmotic pressure?

Answer 33

High solutes/volume

Question 34

What is Dm in the permeability constant?

Answer 34

diffusion coefficient

Question 35

What is K in the permeability constant?

Answer 35

Partition coefficient of s Conc(s) lipid/ Conc(s) in water

Question 36

What is X in the permeability constant?

Answer 36

Thickness of membrane

Question 37

How can permeability be modified?

Answer 37

Compounds can react with receptor sites is membrane

Question 38

What direction does water move in regards to osmotic pressure?

Answer 38

Water moves from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

Question 39

What are the two types of passive transport?

Answer 39

Down electrochemical gradient Carrier-mediated

Question 40

How does carrier mediated transport work?

Answer 40

Chemical binds with protein that changes its shape to allow it to pass through membrane

Question 41

What is primary active transport?

Answer 41

Transport requiring ATP

Question 42

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 42

Transport against electrochemical gradient, moves in with an ion moving down gradient

Question 43

What is an aquaporin?

Answer 43

Water channel

Question 44

Is diffusion or aquaporins faster?

Answer 44

Aquaporins

Question 45

How do aquaporins work?

Answer 45

Water attracted to charge of protein, moves quickly into cell

Question 46

What is standing-gradient hypothesis?

Answer 46

Solute coupled water transport Active solute transport is followed by water through osmosis

Question 47

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Na+ higher in or out of the cell?

Answer 47

Out

Question 48

In muscle cells, is the concentration of K+ higher in or out of the cell?

Answer 48

In

Question 49

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Ca2+ higher in or out of the cell?

Answer 49

Out

Question 50

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Cl- higher in or out of the cell?

Answer 50

Out