Intro To Physiology - Membrane Physiology Flashcards by Rizzabelle

The amount of intracellular fluid in the body is?

2/3 (50-70%)

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It is called the Internal Environment of the body; why is it called such a name?

Extracellular fluid; it contains ions and nutrients needed for survival, as such, all cells live in the same environment.

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What does Extracellular Fluid (ECF) contain?

Sodium (Na+: most abundant cation), Chloride (Cl-: most abundant anion), Calcium+ (Ca2+) Bicarbonate Ions.
Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Glucose, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids, and waste products.

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What does Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contain?

Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg+), Phosphate Ions (Po^-3 4), Organic Anion (the most abundant anion)

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Maintenance and stability/constant conditions in the internal environment/organs to help perform functions

Homeostasis

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It is often considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis.

Disease

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If a factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initiates _________.
Most control systems of the body act on it.

Negative Feedback

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Initiating a stimulus causing more of the same reaction is?

Positive Feedback

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The basic living unit of the body

Cells

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About ____ of the adult human body is fluid, _____ intracellular fluid, ______ extracellular fluid

60%, 40%, 20%

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The Basic Characteristics of Cells (4):

Oxygen for energy release
General Mechanism for changing is converting energy into nutrients
All cells deliver end products
Almost all cells have the ability to reproduce additional cells of their own kind

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It is in constant motion throughout the body

Extracellular Fluid

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ECF consists of ____ plasma and _____ interstitial fluid.

5%, 15%

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The water element of blood

Plasma

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It is seen between the spaces of the tissue

Interstitial Fluid

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It is where most of the fluid in the body is contained

Intracellular Fluid

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How does blood get transported to the system by the ECF?

Two Stages:
1.) Movement of blood through the body in the blood vessels
2.) Movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and intracellular spaces between the tissue cells

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Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Respiratory System

Blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli, thus acquiring oxygen needed by the cells.

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Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Gastrointestinal Tract (GI tract)

Ingest from food; for chemical nutrients

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Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Liver and Other Organs That Perform Primarily Metabolic Functions

Liver changes the chemical compositions of substances to usable forms, other tissues of the body—fat cells, gastrointenstinal mucosa, kidneys and endocrine glands—help modify/stored until they are needed

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Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Musculoskeletal System

Movement for survival and protection

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Removal of Metabolic End Products: Lungs

CO2 is released from the blood into the lung aveoli; removal of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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Removal of Metabolic End Products: Kidneys

Controls extraction of salt, water and waste products

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Removal of Metabolic End Products: Gastrointestinal Tract

Undigested material that enters here, some waste products of metabolism are eliminated in the feces.

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Removal of Metabolic End Products: Liver

*Detoxification* of drugs and chemicals ingested; secretes waste into *bile* to be eliminated in the feces

Regulation of Body Functions: Nervous System, what does it do?

Regulates muscular and secretory activities; Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls many of the internal organs

Nervous System has three (3) portions:

Sensory Input, CNS, Motor Output

Regulation of Body Functions: Hormone/Endrocine System

Hormones are transported in the ECF to help cellular function

Major Endocrine Glands in the Body + Uses (4):

1.) Thyroid Horomone - increases chemical reactions -> helps set tempo of bodily activity 2.) Insulin - sugar; controls glucose metabolism 3.) Adrenocortical Hormones - controls sodium (Na+) and protein metabolism 4.) Parathyroid Hormone - controls bone calcium and phosphate

Protection of the body: Immune System

Mechanism: distinguishes its own cell from harmful ones. Destroys invaders by: phagocytosis/sensitized lymphocytes (eg. Antibodies)

Protection of the body: Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, glands, etc. cover and protect the deeper tissues and organs of the body. Provide a boundary between the body's internal environment and the outside. Helps in temperature regulation.

Two major parts of a cell:

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

The nucleus is seperared from the cytoplasm by a ______

Nuclear Membrane

Cytoplasm is seperated from the surrounding fluids by a _____

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

Except for fat cells, cells are mostly comprised mainly of _____ in a concentration of 70-85%

Water

Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions, necessary for the operation of some cellular control mechanisms

Ions

Most abundant in most cells are proteins, constitue 10-20% of the cell mass

Proteins

Present in the cell mainly in the form of long filaments that are ploymerd of many indiviual protein molecules

Structural Protein

Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular from, mainly *enzymes* which are mobile in the cell fluid

Functional Proteins

Are several types of substances that are grouped together -> common property of being soluble in fat solvent

Lipids

Often account for as much as 95% of the fat cell mass; represents the body's main storehouse of energy-giving nutrients -> provide energy

Triglycerides/Neutral Fats

Plays a major roll in cell nutrition; amount usually averages between 1-3%, maybe 6% (in liver cells)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates is also stored here; an insoluble polymer of glucose that can be depolymerized and used to supply the cell energy's needs

Glycogen

Have a *hydrophilic* head and a *hydrophobic* tail; most abundant in cell membrane lipids

Phospholipids

Present in small amounts in the cell membranes, especially in nerve cells Protection from harmful environmental factors, signal transmission, adhesion sites.

Sphingolipids

Are also lipids; are dissolved in the bilayer of the membrane, mainly help determine the degree of permeability (bilayer to water)

Cholesterol

Jelly-like fluid portion; mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes and glucose

Cytosol

**Ribosomes have particles present**; ribosomes are composed of a mixture of RNA, function to synthesize new protein molecules in the cell

Rough (Granular) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum has *no attached ribosomes*

Smooth (Agranular) Endoplasmic Reticulum

A layer of thin, flat enclosed vesicles; prominent in secretory cells

Golgi Apparatus

It breaks off from the Golgi Apparatus then disperse throughout the cytoplasm; *intracellular digestive system.*

Lysosomes

Physically similar to lysosomes, formed by seld-replication; combines O2 eith H ions to form *Hydrogen Peroxide*

Peroxisomes

Powerhouse of the cell; forms CO2, H2O, and ATP

Mitochondria

Network of fibrillar proteins (e.g. Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments)

Cell Cytoskeleton

Control center of the cell, sends messages to the cell to grow, mature and replicate; contains a large quantities of DNA

Nucleus

**Different Questions Under One Card:** 1.) *Also called Nuclear Envelope,* seperates the two bilayer membranes 2.) It surrounds the Nuclear Envelope in several thousands of ______ 3.) Formation of _____ happens in the nucleus; accumulation of large amounts of RNA

1.) Nuclear Membrane 2.) Nuclear Pores 3.) Nucleoli

Crawling-like movement of an entire cell; needs ATP (e.g. White Blood Cells, Fibroblasts, Germinal cells of the skin)

Ameboid Movement

Whip-like movement, occurs mainly in two places: *Surfaces of the Respiratory Airways, Inside surfaces of the fallopian tubes*

Motile cilia

Nonmotile; generally occur only as a single cilium on each cell, "sensory antennae" involved in chemical and mechanical sensation signalling; occurs in the kidney

Primary Cilia

Not miscible with either ECF or ICF

Lipid Bilayer

Passive transport of ions from an area of *high concentration to low concentration.*

Diffusion

1.1 Occurs through a membrane opening without any interaction from a carrier protein, *mixed without any help* 1.2 Requires a carrier protein

1.1 Simple Difussion 1.2 Facilitated Difussion

**Facilitated Difussion is divided into two subtypes:** 1.2.1 Use of carrier proteins, changes shape 1.2.2 Opening and closing of gate; ion/small molecules

1.2.1 Carrier Mediated 1.2.2 Channel Mediated

**Opening and closing of gates are controlled in two (2) principal ways:** A.) Molecular confirmation responds to the electrical potential of the cell (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium) B.) Binding of another molecule with the protein (Acetylcholine)

A.) Voltage Gating B.) Chemical Gating

Passive movement of water; from high to low concentrated areas due to difference of water; achieve equilibrium

Osmosis

Pressure difference to stop osmosis

Osmotic Pressure

Movement of substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier protein; against an electrochemical gradient

Active Transport

Low to high concentrated areas; energy is directed from breakdown of ATP

3.1 Primary Active Transport

Co-transport, counter-transport

3.2 Secondary Active Transport

Transported by vesicles

Vesicular Transport

**Under Vesicular Transport:** 1.) Expulsion of cell content 2.) Ingestion of particles

1.) Exocytosis 2.) Endocytosis

1.) "Cell eating," vesicles fuses with lysososomes 2.) "Cell drinking" 3.) Receptors outside the plasma membrane

1.) Phagocytosis 2.) Pinocytosis 3.) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

**Classification of Nerves Based on Fiber Types (6):** 1.) Motor nerves (muscle spindles, skeletal muscles, golgi tendons) 2.) Sensory nerves (touch, proprioception) 3.) Motor innervation (supply): muscle spindle 4.) Sensory nerves for fast and acute pain/sensory for temperature 5.) Autonomic nerve glands and visceral organs (e.g. breathing) 6.) Chronic and slow pain

1.) A-Alpha - large and mylienated 2.) A-Beta - " 3.) A-Gamma - " 4.) A-Delta - small and mylienated 5.) B- " 6.) C- small and unmylienated

Rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane

Action Potentials

**All or Nothing Principle:** 1.) Amount usually required to cause an explosive development of action potential 2.) Is the firing level/threshold value 3.) Resting memebrane value is?

1.) 15-35mV 2.) -55mV 3.) -70mV

It moves Action Potential backwards, prevents action potential from happening too closely; highest point of positivity, Sodium gate closed

Absolute Refractory Period

Caused when sodium gated voltage opens -> slow opening of potassium gated channels -> charge of cell becomes positive

Depolarization

**2 causes:** Rapid closure of sodium-gated channels -> opening of potassium gates= Potassium Enflux -> Charge of cells become negative

Repolarization

Cause: slow closure of voltage gated K+ channel -> charge of cells becomes more negative

Hyperpolarization

1.) State where there is a positively charged outside and a negatively charged inside caused by the Na-K-ATPase Pump 2.) 1/3 or 2/3 of the repolarization stage; must be stronger than the original stimuli

1.) Resting Membrane Potential 2.) Relative Refractory Period

Intro To Physiology - Membrane Physiology Flashcards

(80 cards)