Intro to Plant Development

Question 1

What generate cells for primary and secondary growth?

Answer 1

Meristems

Question 2

If a plant can grow throughout its life, this is called _

Answer 2

indeterminate growth

Question 3

If some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size, this is called _

Answer 3

determinate growth

Question 3

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Answer 3

meristems

Question 4

located at the tips of roots and shoots at the axillary buds of shoots

Answer 4

apical meristems

Question 5

apical meristems elongate shoots and roots at a process called _

Answer 5

primary growth

Question 5

True or False: Meristematic cells are unique and differentiated

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are the two primary functions of meristematic cells

Answer 6

establishing patterns
produce genetically healthy cells

Question 7

push cells out of the apical meristem while remaining meristematic

Answer 7

Division

Question 8

add thickness to woody plants

Answer 8

Lateral meristems

Question 9

Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants,
a process called _

Answer 9

secondary growth

Question 10

What are the two lateral meristems?

Answer 10

Vascular cambium
cork cambium

Question 11

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Answer 11

vascular cambium

Question 12

replaces the epidermis with
periderm, which is thicker and tougher

Answer 12

cork cambium

Question 13

True or False: even if histogens are removed from apical meristems, the plant still develops normally

Answer 13

True

Question 14

current accepted model for how shoot apical meristems are organized.

Answer 14

Tunica-Corpus model

Question 15

outermost layer of the shoot apex, divides anticlinically, forms the protoderm (becomes epidermis)

Answer 15

Tunica

Question 16

Divides in all planes and produce bulk growth

Answer 16

Corpus

Question 17

**Large, cuboidal cells **located at the very tip
Act as the organizing center that maintains meristem activity
Divide relatively infrequently, serving as a reservoir of stem cells

Answer 17

central mother cells

Question 18

Cone-shaped zone surrounding the central zone
Contains small cells that are densely cytoplasmic (metabolically active)
Responsible for forming leaves through rapid cell division
Also contributes to internodal expansion (stem elongation between leaf nodes)

Answer 18

Peripheral Meristem

Question 19

Located in the interior, below the central zone
Forms the internal pith tissue of the stem
Cells divide in organized files or “ribs”

Answer 19

Pith rib meristem

Question 20

The root apical meristem is composed of:

Answer 20

Root cap and Quiescent Center

Question 21

Protective structure at the very tip of the root

Answer 21

root cap

Question 22

Described as “slimy” - this refers to the mucilage (slippery substance) that root cap cells secrete, this slime helps the root tip push through soil by reducing friction

Answer 22

root cap

Question 23

These cells are **inactive** - they divide very slowly or not at all Serves as a **reservoir of stem cells**, similar to the central mother cells in shoot meristems

Answer 23

Quiescent center

Question 24

it can reform the meristem and root cap when they are damaged

Answer 24

Quiescent Center

Question 25

responsible for secondary growth in plants - the process that increases the girth (thickness) of stems and roots, rather than their length.

Answer 25

lateral meristems

Question 26

The vascular cambium produce two types of secondary vascular tissue:

Answer 26

Secondary phloem Secondary xylem (wood)

Question 27

What is the other term for cork cambium?

Answer 27

Phellogen

Question 28

The phellogen produces _ which consists of dead, suberized cells; protects the inner tissues

Answer 28

periderm

Question 29

Meristems give rise to:

Answer 29

Initials and Derivatives

Question 30

also called stem cells, which remain in the meristem

Answer 30

Initials

Question 31

which become specialized in mature tissues

Answer 31

Derivatives

Question 32

true or False: In woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different locations

Answer 32

True

Question 33

where cell division of root and shoots occur

Answer 33

apical meristems

Question 34

What are the transitional meristems?

Answer 34

Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem

Question 35

divides anticlinically - perpendicular to the surface - irreplaceable becomes the epidermis

Answer 35

protoderm

Question 37

vascular tissue production

Answer 37

procambium

Question 38

What tissue does the ground meristem produce?

Answer 38

Ground tissue

Question 39

What are the type of Ground Meristem based on Position?

Answer 39

Flank Meristem and Rib Meristem

Question 40

# Ground Meristem located on the sides and forms the cortex

Answer 40

Flank Meristem

Question 41

What is the direction of Ground meristem's division?

Answer 41

Divides perpendicular to the stem's or root's axis

Question 42

True or False: Young leaves control the differentiation of procambium

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is the effect of removing leaves from a shoot apex

Answer 43

It stops procambial differentiation

Question 44

Induced callus formation * Formation of procambium and vascular tissue

Answer 44

grafting

Question 45

True or False: Flowering plants can be categorized based on the length of their life cycle

Answer 45

True

Question 46

complete their life cycle in a year or less

Answer 46

Annuals

Question 47

require two growing seasons

Answer 47

Biennials

Question 48

live for many years

Answer 48

Perennials

Question 49

Cells form specialized tissues, organs, and organisms through the process of _

Answer 49

development

Question 50

Consists of growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation

Answer 50

development

Question 51

irreversible increase in size

Answer 51

growth

Question 52

development of body form and organization

Answer 52

morphogenesis

Question 53

process by which cells with the same genes become different from each other

Answer 53

cell differentiation

Question 54

model organism and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced

Answer 54

Arabidopsis

Question 55

has 27,000 genes divided among 5 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 55

Arabidopsis

Question 56

easily transformed by introducing foreign DNA via genetically altered bacteria

Answer 56

Arabidopsis

Question 57

True or False: By increasing cell number, cell division in meristems increases the potential for growth

Answer 57

True

Question 58

accounts for the actual increase in plant size

Answer 58

Cell expansion

Question 59

Cellular division accompanies _

Answer 59

cellular enlargements

Question 60

True or False: expansion always triggers division

Answer 60

False; does not always trigger division

Question 61

True or False: Division does not always accompany enlargement

Answer 61

True

Question 62

True or False: Enlargement and division are the same

Answer 62

False; two different things

Question 63

What are the two events that affect cellular enlargement

Answer 63

loosening cell wall positive turgor pressure

Question 64

results from the osmotically driven uptake of water (from increase of solutes in vacuole)

Answer 64

positive turgor pressure

Question 65

the plane in which a cell divides is determined during

Answer 65

late interphase

Question 66

microtubules become concentrated into a ring called _ that predicts the future plane of cell division

Answer 66

preprophase band

Question 67

results from a combination of transverse and longitudinal cell divisions

Answer 67

Leaf growth

Question 68

True or False: It was previously thought that plane of cell division determines leaf form

Answer 68

True

Question 69

True or False: A mutation in the tangled-1 gene that affects longitudinal division also affect leaf shape

Answer 69

False; only affects longitudinal division

Question 70

What determines cell fate?

Answer 70

symmetry of cell division distribution of cytoplasm bet daughter cells

Question 71

condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism

Answer 71

polarity