intro to pop+environ , Malaria case study, CHD case study

Question 1

define health

Answer 1

It is the physical, mental and social well-being , not just the presence of disease

Question 2

what % of the world’s deaths are caused by heart disease?

Answer 2

16%

Question 3

How many deaths were as a result of heart disease in 2019?

Answer 3

8.9 million

Question 4

Give 4 social factors impacting health

Answer 4

-deprivation levels
-antibiotics/vaccines
-education
-aid programmes

Question 5

Give 4 economic factors impacting health

Answer 5

-technology; improved health care, medicine and water access

-transport infrastructure

-improvement to infrastructure; water treatment plants

-improved trade relationship

Question 6

What is a epidemiological transition model (ETM)?

Answer 6

-created by Omran (1971)
-shows infectious diseases to chronic degenerative diseases

Question 7

What are the 4 physical impacts of the environment on health?

Answer 7

-climate
-topography
-air quality
-water quality

Question 8

How does climate impact health?

Answer 8

-SAD (seasonal affective disorder)- due to weather

-flooding = sewage outflow which runs into water systems- due to weather

-food security and natural hazards-due to temp

Question 9

How does topography impact health?

Answer 9

-major rivers have a high pop density

-high pop = displacement of larger settlements if extreme flooding occurs

• flat land = fertile soil but seasonal flooding

Question 10

How does air quality impact health?

Answer 10

air pollutants causes cardiovascular and respiratory systems (4 million premature deaths)

Question 11

How does water quality impact health?

Answer 11

-2 million deaths annually due to unsafe water (WHO

• water aid: 8 million without water (2015)
  -500,000 children die annually from diarrhoea

-MDGs: improved water safety plans- 2018, 60% decrease in cholera cases

-2.6 billion access to clean drinking water (1990)

Question 12

Is Malaria as CD or non-CD?

Answer 12

-Communicable disease (CD)

Question 13

How many people have died as a result of Malaria in 2015?

Answer 13

430,000 deaths (2015)

Question 14

How many countries in 2018 were affected by Malaria transmission?

Answer 14

91 countries; Uganda, Nigeria and Mozambique

Question 15

Give 4 physical factors that impact Malaria

Answer 15

-coastal areas are low lying and high humidity so optimum conditions for mosquitoes to breed

-Mosquitos require 16 oc-32oc

-‘rainy seasons’ = higher rate of mosquitos

-mosquitos breed in stagnant water

Question 16

Give 4 socio-economic factors that impact Malaria

Answer 16

-lack of investment in drugs and vaccines

-overcrowded sleeping quarters (high infant mortality)

-poor sanitation; open sewers, rubbish and outflows

-primary industry workers are at higher risk due to working near irrigation

Question 17

Name 5 treatment methods of Malaria

Answer 17

-mosquito nets
-educate people
-vaccines
-swift diagnosis
-insecticides

Question 18

What are some of the issues with treatment methods?

Answer 18

-expensive to produce
-nets = cheap for consumer

-lack of accessibility = transport and unequal distribution

Question 19

What do the WHO hope to achieve in terms of prevention by 2030?

Answer 19

-reduce Malaria by 40% (2020) & 90% (2030)

Question 20

Name 2 other prevention stakeholders of Malaria

Answer 20

-NGOs = £1 billion per year

-Gates Foundation (alongside uk govt) = pledged $3bn

Question 21

What are the impacts of Malaria on the individual?

Answer 21

-not being able to work (losing income)

-mental health problems

Question 22

What are the regional impacts of Malaria?

Answer 22

-loss of money for economy

-strain on services; healthcare

-less money for development

-cost of drugs ( 40% of public health costs go into Malaria)

Question 23

Is coronary heart disease (CHD) a CD or a non-CD?

Answer 23

Non- communicable disease (Non-CD)

Question 24

Define CHD

Answer 24

it is a build up of fatty substances in the arteries (cholesterol)

Question 25

How many people die of CHD annually?

Answer 25

9.5 million deaths

Question 26

How many risk factors are there for CHD?

Answer 26

over 300 risk factors

Question 27

symptoms of CHD

Answer 27

-shortness of breath
-heart attacks
-sweating
-fatigue
-Angina (chest pain)

Question 28

Name 4 physical factors influencing CHD

Answer 28

-fertile land to grow food

-air quality

-climate = extreme temps = extra stress on body

-Relief/ topography

Question 29

Name 4 socio-economic factors influencing CHD

Answer 29

-availability of processed foods

-men more at risk of women

-social deprivation; n/s divide , more people diagnosed up north (138 per 100,000) compared to south (39 per 100,000)

-smoking = tobacco lowers good cholesterol + causes ‘sticky’ blood