intro to pscyh Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
the different ways that
organisms behave
A
describe
2
Q
is the systematic, scientific
study of behaviors and mental processes. it exists for one sole higher
purpose:
TO UPLIFT THE HUMAN
CONDITION. In other words, to improve the lives of people. By understanding them,
we are able to come up with ways to
make their lives better.
A
Psychology
3
Q
to explain the causes of
behavior.
A
explain
4
Q
to predict how organisms will
behave in certain situations.
A
predict
5
Q
to control an organism’s
behavior.
A
control
6
Q
THE PRIMARY GOALS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
A
describe, explain, predict and control
7
Q
A branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing,
treating, and preventing mental,
emotional, and behavioral disorders.
A
clinical psychology
8
Q
is a field of psychology that focuses on supporting
the mental health, learning, and behavior
of students in educational settings.
A
School psychology
9
Q
is the study of
how humans learn and retain knowledge,
primarily in educational settings like
classrooms.
A
educational psychology
10
Q
is a field of
study that focuses on people’s change and
growth across their lifespan — how people
develop physically, socially, mentally, and
emotionally over time.
A
developmental psychology
11
Q
is a branch
of psychology that examines
personality and its variation among
individuals.
A
personality psychology
12
Q
is the scientific
study of how thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors are influenced by the actual,
imagined, or implied presence of
others.
A
social psychology
13
Q
is a branch
of psychology that explores the
relationship between humans and the
external world.
A
environmental psychology
14
Q
is concerned
with testing theories of human thoughts,
feelings, actions, and beyond – any
aspect of being human that involves the
mind.
A
Experimental psychology
15
Q
focuses on applying the
theories of psychology to the world of
work.
A
Industrial/organizational
psychology
16
Q
study how people
interact with machines and
technology.
A
Human factors and engineering
psychologists
17
Q
examines
consumers’ perceptions, beliefs, feelings
and thoughts and considers all of them
when examining purchasing behavior.
A
Consumer psychology
18
Q
is the practice of
helping motivate people to make health-
conscious decisions like not smoking,
eating the right foods, and exercising
more to prevent illness.
A
Health psychology
19
Q
is the
application of psychological principles
and practices to legal and criminal
justice systems.
A
Forensic psychology
20
Q
is the study of
how psychological factors influence
athletic performance, physical activity,
and exercise.
A
Sports psychology
21
Q
He suggested that we should rely on
rational thought and introspection—
careful examination of one’s own
thoughts and emotions—to gain self-
knowledge.
He also pointed out that people are social
creatures who influence one another.
A
SOCRATES
22
Q
argued that just as the natural
world operates according to principles
(like gravity or the cycles of the planets),
human behavior is also subject to
underlying causes and principles that can
be understood, observed, and studied.
A
Aristotle
23
Q
Personality
Sensation and Perception
Thought
Intelligence
Needs and Motives
Feelings and Emotion
Memory
A
Aristotle subject
matter topic by topic
24
Q
vision, hearing, smell, taste, and
touch.
A
5 SENSES, ARISTOTLE
25
He explored the nature of cause and
effect.
He pointed out that people differ from
other living things in their capacity for
rational thought.
ARISTOTLE
26
suggested that we could
think of behavior in terms of a body and a
mind.
He pointed out that our behavior is
influenced by external stimulation.
DEMOCRITUS
27
was one of the first to raise
the question of where do the influences of
others end, and our “real selves” begin?
democritus
28
STRUCTURALISM
FUNCTIONALISM
PSYCHOANALYSIS
BEHAVIORISM
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
29
established the first
psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig,
Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt
30
Distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology, was the first
person ever to call himself a psychologist.
Wilhelm Wundt
31
sought to break down mental processes
into their basic components through
introspection.
structuralism
32
emphasizes the study of
the structure of the human mind
structuralism
33
This approach to psychology is concerned
with the relationship between the
elements of the mind, and how these
elements work together to produce
consciousness and behavior.
structuralism
34
founded functionalism,
focusing on the purpose of mental
processes and how they help individuals
adapt to their environment.
William James
35
Author of the "The Principles of
Psychology" (1890).
William James
36
emphasizes the study of
the functions of the mind and the role of
mental processes in relation to the
adaptation of the organism to its
environment.
functionalism
37
The functionalists believed that the mind
should be studied in terms of its purpose
or function, rather than its structure.
William James
38
introduced the idea that
unconscious processes influence
behavior, founding psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud
39
revolves around the
belief that everyone has unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and
memories.
Psychoanalysis
40
is used to
release repressed emotions and
experiences.
Psychoanalysis therapy
41
According to Sigmund Freud, there are
only two basic drives that serve to
motivate all thoughts, emotions, and
behavior.
Eros (Sexual Drives)
and
Thanatos (Aggression Drives)
42
the life instinct—procreation, social
cooperation, and survival
Eros (Sexual Drives)
43
the death instinct—aggression, risky
behavior, and reliving trauma
Thanatos (Aggression Drives)
44
He also believed that early childhood
experiences play a determining role in
shaping our personalities and behavior,
including abnormal behaviors.
Sigmund Freud
45
He held that abnormal behavior patterns
are rooted in unconscious conflicts
originating in childhood.
Sigmund Freud
46
This refers to the thoughts,
feelings, and memories that one is
aware of during any given
moment.
CONSCIOUS
47
3 levels of psychoanalysis consciousness
conscious, preconscious, unconscious
48
Someone thinking about how
tired they are and that they
didn't sleep well last
night.
conscious
49
This refers to something that one
is not currently aware of but could
be brought into consciousness at
any given moment.
PRECONSCIOUS
50
Someone may forget to grab
cheese during a grocery trip
until they see a sign that
advertises a half-off cheese
sale.
PRECONSCIOUS
51
A reservoir of thoughts, memories,
and desires that are outside of our
conscious awareness but still
influence our behavior.
UNCONSCIOUS
52
Imagine someone saying, "I'm
glad you're here!" but
accidentally saying, "I'm mad
you're here!" instead.
UNCONSCIOUS
53
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN PSYCHE
ID,EGO, SUPEREGO
54
This contains all the
unconscious, basic and
primal urges.
Unconscious level of
operation.
“I want to do it now.”
ID
55
This is the part of the
personality that must deal
with the demands of
reality.
Conscious and
preconscious level of
operation.
“Maybe we can
compromise.”
EGO
56
The values and beliefs that
our parents and society instill
in us are the guiding force of
the superego and it strives to
make us behave according to
these morals.
Preconscious level of
operation.
“It’s not right to do this.”
SUPEREGO
57
Behavioral outcome of conflict between an
unconscious need to express anger and a
conscious need to deny it.
ACTING OUT
58
A college student who has an abusive
mother has difficulty with women teachers as well as women on authority.
acting out
59
Teenager Rebelling Against Authority: A 16-year-old who feels neglected by their parents starts skipping school and engaging in risky behavior like drinking and partying.
Acting out
60
Unconsciously staying away from any person, situation or place that might cause unwanted feelings to occur.
avoidance
61
A female college student with an
abusive father avoids dating.
avoidance
62
Employee Reacting to Stress: An employee who feels overwhelmed by work pressures and personal issues suddenly becomes verbally aggressive toward colleagues during a team meeting.
acting out
63
Child Throwing a Tantrum: A young child who is upset about not getting a desired toy at the store throws a loud tantrum, screaming and hitting the floor.
acting out
64
Avoiding Difficult Conversations: A person in a relationship notices their partner has become distant and wants to talk about the growing emotional gap.
avoidance
65
Procrastination Due to Fear of Failure: A college student avoids working on a big project because they are anxious about not doing well.
avoidance
66
Refusal to believe or accept an unpleasant
reality.
denial
67
Someone who recently lost a loved one avoids going to places or seeing people that remind them of the deceased. They also refuse to talk about their feelings of loss, opting to distract themselves with entertainment or work instead of processing their grief.
avoidance
68
An alcoholic person denies that they
have any problems even though their family has
observed classic signs.
denial
69
A person continues to make expensive purchases and live beyond their means, even though they are in significant debt. When friends express concern about their spending habits, they brush it off, insisting that everything is fine and there's no reason to worry.
denial
70
Transferring emotions associated with a
particular person/event to another person,
object or situation that is less threatening.
displacement
71
A person punches a punching bag after an argument with their boss.
A patient who is angry at the MD becomes verbally abusive to the RN or MHT.
displacement
72
Despite experiencing persistent chest pains and shortness of breath, someone avoids going to the doctor and keeps telling themselves it’s just stress or a minor issue. They continue their daily routine as if nothing is wrong, ignoring signs that something could be seriously affecting their health.
denial
73
Person deals with emotional conflict or stress by splitting off or repressing some part of their personality or consciousness from their awareness.
DISSOCIATION
74
A person talks about a traumatic
event and goes into a trance.
DISSOCIATION
75
Zoning Out During a Stressful Argument:
In the middle of a heated argument, someone suddenly feels detached, as if they are watching the situation from a distance. They feel emotionally numb and disconnected from what's happening, unable to fully engage in the conversation, even though they are physically present.
dissociation
76
Unconscious modeling of another person's values, attitudes or behavior.
identification
77
Losing Track of Time During Trauma Recall:
While talking to a friend about a painful childhood experience, a person suddenly "blanks out" and can’t remember what they were talking about. When they come back to the conversation, it feels like only a moment has passed, but in reality, they lost track of several minutes.
dissociation
78
An adolescent talks & acts similar to a
teacher she admires.
A hospitalized teenager decides she wants to
become a nurse.
identification
79
Use of thinking to avoid experiencing emotions that are unpleasant.
INTELLECTUALIZATION
80
A father talks to his child about what
love should be like but fails to demonstrate love towards the child
intellectualization
81
Adopting a Mentor's Traits:
A young professional begins mimicking the behavior, speech patterns, and leadership style of their admired boss. They start dressing like them and making decisions in the same confident manner, hoping to embody the qualities they see as successful.
identification
82
Child Emulating a Parent’s Behavior:
A child who observes their parent handling stressful situations with calmness starts responding similarly in their own life. They consciously mirror their parent’s reactions to challenges, believing that handling things the same way will make them strong and capable.
identification
83
Separation of emotions from precipitating event
or situation
isolation
84
A rape victim talks about her rape
without showing any emotions.
isolation
85
Analyzing Emotions Rather Than Feeling Them:
After a difficult breakup, instead of processing their feelings of sadness or loss, someone spends hours researching the psychology of relationships and the statistics behind relationship success rates. They focus on understanding the breakup logically rather than dealing with their emotions.
intellectualization
86
Rationalizing a Health Diagnosis:
Upon receiving a serious health diagnosis, rather than acknowledging the fear or anxiety they feel, a person immediately dives into reading medical journals and studies. They talk to others about the scientific details of the condition but avoid discussing their personal feelings about the impact it will have on their life.
intellectualization
87
Separating Emotions from Traumatic Events:
After witnessing a serious car accident, someone calmly describes the details to a friend in a matter-of-fact way, focusing on the sequence of events. They show no outward signs of emotional distress, as if they are discussing something entirely unrelated to themselves.
isolation
88
Attributing one’s unacceptable or anxiety-
provoking feelings, thoughts, and characteristics
to another person.
projection
89
A frightened patient lashes out at the
nurse, saying that the nurse scared and should not be working on the unit.
projection
90
Detaching from Feelings During Loss:
After the death of a close family member, a person organizes the funeral and handles all the arrangements with precision and efficiency. They discuss logistical details without mentioning or showing any signs of grief, as though they’ve mentally separated the emotions from the event.
isolation
91
Blaming Others for Personal Insecurities:
A person who feels self-conscious about their work performance starts accusing a colleague of being incompetent, constantly criticizing them and pointing out mistakes, even though these feelings stem from their own fears about underperforming.
projection
92
Accusing a Partner of Cheating:
Someone who has been unfaithful in their relationship becomes overly suspicious of their partner's behavior, frequently accusing them of being untrustworthy or cheating, despite having no real evidence. Their accusations reflect their own guilt.
projection
93
Attempting to justify one's behavior by
presenting reasons that sound logical.
rationalization
94
A client treated for a drug addiction
claims an inability to stop taking drugs because of a "bad marriage".
rationalization
95
Adopting behavior or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one's true emotions
reaction formation
96
Justifying a Poor Exam Score:
After failing an important exam, a student tells their friends that the test was unfair and that no one could have passed because the teacher didn't cover the material properly. Rather than admitting they didn’t study enough, they create reasons to explain the outcome.
rationalization
97
A woman who has intense sexual
feelings towards her husband's friend treats him rudely & keeps him at a safe distance
reaction formation
98
Explaining Away a Bad Habit:
A person who smokes cigarettes regularly claims that smoking helps them manage stress and stay productive at work. Instead of confronting the health risks or addiction, they frame their habit as something necessary for their well-being
rationalization
99
Person deals with emotional conflict or stress by forcing out any thoughts, impulses, experiences or memory from conscious awareness.
repression
100
A mother shows seems unaware of the date or events surrounding her child’s death.
A victim of a car accident does not remember anything about the accident
repression
101
Substituting constructive and socially
acceptable behavior for strong impulses not acceptable in their original form
sublimation
102
A mother who lost a child in a drunk-
driving accident joins an organization that works to educate the public about the dangers of drunk driving
sublimation
103
is the school of psychology
that focuses on learning observable
behavior (that could be recorded and
measured) (scientific study of behavior)
behaviorism
104
Channeling Anger Into Exercise:
After having a heated argument with a friend, someone feels intense frustration but instead of lashing out, they go for a long, intense run. The physical activity helps them release the negative energy in a more constructive way.
sublimation
105
Turning Aggressive Impulses into Art:
A person who frequently feels aggressive or hostile at work starts taking a sculpting class in the evenings. They find that shaping clay and creating expressive art allows them to channel their aggressive impulses into a creative outlet.
sublimation
106
the founder of American behaviorism, believed that if psychology were to be a natural science, like physics or chemistry, it must limit itself to observable, measurable events that is, to behavior alone hence the term behaviorism.
John B. Watson
107
Forgetting a Traumatic Event:
Someone who experienced a significant trauma in their childhood finds that they have little to no memory of the event. They don't consciously think about it or discuss it, as their mind has pushed those memories out of immediate awareness.
repression
108
Ignoring Past Failures:
A person who has failed multiple times in past business ventures focuses only on their recent successes, downplaying or avoiding any thoughts about their previous failures. They don’t dwell on or talk about those past experiences, even though they might still influence their behavior unconsciously.
repression
109
Excessive Praise for a Colleague:
Someone who secretly feels envious of a coworker’s success goes out of their way to offer exaggerated praise and support, publicly celebrating their achievements and acting overly friendly, despite feeling resentment internally.
reaction formation
110
Overcompensating in a Relationship:
A partner who has doubts about their relationship goes to great lengths to demonstrate affection and commitment. They frequently give gifts and plan elaborate gestures, acting as though they are completely secure and content, while their underlying fears are suppressed
reaction formation
111
(1904–1990) also
contributed to behaviorism
B. F. Skinner / Burrhus Frederic skinner
112
He believed that organisms learn to
behave in certain ways because they
have been reinforced for doing so that is,
their behavior has a positive outcome.
B.f skinner behaviorism
113
founded Gestalt
Psychology.
“whole is greater than the sum of the
parts”
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
114
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Kurt
Koffka (1886–1941), and Wolfgang
Köhler (1887–1967)
founded Gestalt Psychology.
“whole is greater than the sum of the
parts
115
was based on the principle that the human brain organizes our perceptions of the world, so that we perceive organized patterns or wholes, not individual bits and pieces of sense experiences added together.
Gestalt psychology
116
highlights how our
brains create meaningful wholes out of
fragmented or ambiguous information.
gestalt psychology
117
is a learning process in which behavior is influenced by its consequences. Developed by psychologist B.F. Skinner, it emphasizes how behaviors are shaped and maintained through rewards and punishments.
operant conditioning
118
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. For example, giving a child a treat for completing their homework encourages them to keep doing their homework.
Positive Reinforcement
119
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. For instance, turning off a loud alarm when a person gets out of bed early encourages them to wake up on time
Negative Reinforcement
120
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. For example, giving extra chores to a child who misbehaves aims to discourage the misbehavior.
Positive Punishment
121
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. For instance, taking away a teenager’s video game privileges for breaking curfew aims to reduce the likelihood of them staying out late.
Negative Punishment
122
posits that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This means that we perceive entire structures or patterns rather than isolated components. For example, when we look at a complex image, we don’t just see individual shapes but a coherent whole.
gestalt psychology
123
highlights the importance of context and the holistic nature of perception and cognition, contributing significantly to our understanding of how we interpret and interact with the world around us.
gestalt psychology
124
is a strategy that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. These defensive tools act as a safeguard to keep the unpleasant or distressing aspects of the unconscious from entering awareness. When something seems too overwhelming or even inappropriate, help keep the information from entering consciousness in order to minimize distress.
defense mechanism
125
It helps control the urges of the id and makes us behave in ways that are both realistic and acceptable. Rather than engaging in behaviors designed to satisfy our desires and needs. It forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially acceptable and realistic. In addition to controlling the demands of the id, the also helps strike a balance between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality
ego
