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Bussiness Studies > Intro to Psych 2 Wk12 > Flashcards

Intro to Psych 2 Wk12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What is the primary purpose of attention?

A

To focus on specific information while filtering out less important details, preventing cognitive overload.

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2
Q

What metaphor best describes basic attention?

A

A spotlight that highlights certain information while leaving other information in darkness.

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3
Q

What are the 4 key principles of the Scientist-Practitioner Model?

A
  1. Integration of Research and Practice
  2. Critical Evaluation and Application
  3. Continual Learning
  4. Ethical and Effective Interventions
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4
Q

Define Piaget’s key developmental concepts

A

Object Permanence: Understanding objects exist even when not seen

Develops around 8-12 months
E.G: Realizing a toy still exists when hidden under a blanket

Conservation: Recognizing quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance

Develops around 7-11 years
E.G: Understanding the same amount of water is in a tall or short glass

Egocentrism: Inability to view situations from others’ perspectives

Most prominent in preoperational stage (2-7 years)
E.G: A child hiding by covering their eyes, thinking if they can’t see others, others can’t see them

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5
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of human development?

A

Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Early Childhood: Initiative vs. Guilt
Middle Childhood: Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Aging: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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6
Q

Explain Triadic Reciprocal Determinism

A

An interaction between three factors:

Behavior (B): Individual’s actions and responses

Personal Factors (P): Cognitive, affective, and biological events

Environmental Factors (E): External aspects like social interactions and cultural norms

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7
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional Morality:
-Based on self-interest
-Avoiding punishment
-Typical in young children

Conventional Morality:
-Based on social norms
-Fulfilling duties
-Common in older children and adults

Postconventional Morality:
-Based on abstract principles
-Universal ethics
-Developed by some adults

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8
Q

What is Health Psychology?

A

Understanding psychological influences on:
- How people stay healthy
- Why people become ill
- How people respond to and cope with illness

Focuses on:
- Psychological reasons for illness
- Behavior change
- Impact of psychological processes on physical health

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9
Q

List and explain coping strategies

A

Reappraisal: Changing interpretation of a stressful situation

Acceptance: Acknowledging a situation cannot be changed

Distraction: Diverting attention from the stressor

Rumination: Repetitive negative thoughts about the stressor

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10
Q

What are the two types of appraisal?

A

Primary Appraisal:
- Evaluates the relevance and nature of an event
- Determines if it’s positive or negative

Secondary Appraisal:
- Focuses on coping abilities and methods
Assesses available resources to handle the situation

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11
Q

What are the three major phases of organizational change?

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Implementation
  3. Follow through
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12
Q

What are potential causes of organizational change?

A
  1. External environmental conditions
  2. Internal conditions (e.g., leadership changes, key personnel retirement)
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13
Q

What issues did the HR manager identify in the case study?

A
  1. Poor relationships between doctors and nurses
  2. Low morale among nursing staff
  3. Increased sick days
  4. Cynicism and negativity
  5. Difficulty in collaboration
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14
Q

List the five primary sensory organs

A
  1. Touch (Tactile)
  2. Sight (Visual)
  3. Smell (Olfactory)
  4. Hearing (Auditory)
  5. Taste (Gustation)
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15
Q

What additional body senses exist beyond the five primary senses?

A
  1. Vestibular system (balance)
  2. Proprioception (body position awareness)
  3. Thermoception (temperature sense)
  4. Interoception
  5. Nociception (pain)
  6. Chronoception (time passage)
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16
Q

What is transduction in neuroscience?

A

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural impulses

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17
Q

What are the three components of the original multistore memory model?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short-term memory (STM)
  3. Long-term memory (LTM)
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18
Q

What are the types of memory?

A
  1. Autobiographical (Episodic) Memory: 2. Personal experiences
  2. Semantic Memory: General knowledge
  3. Prospective Memory: Remembering future tasks
  4. Procedural Memory: Skill-based memory
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19
Q

Characteristics of Short-Term Memory

A
  • Held in verbal/speech format
  • Lasts 20-30 seconds without rehearsal
  • Capacity: 7 ± 2 items
  • Requires active maintenance through rehearsal
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20
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The field that treats mental, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of brain disorders due to illness or brain injury

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21
Q

Define two unique neurological conditions

A

Apperceptive agnosia: Inability to recognize objects despite being able to see

Alien hand syndrome: Condition where limbs act seemingly independently without conscious control

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22
Q

What percentage of the brain’s cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

50%

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23
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

The perception of depth produced by combining visual stimuli from both eyes, helping overcome the blind spot

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24
Q

What is triangulation in research?

A

Using multiple methods to:

  1. Cross-check data
  2. Reduce bias
  3. Increase result reliability
  4. Capture different aspects of a phenomenon
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25
What are potential research methods in organizational psychology?
- Staff surveys - Interviews - Direct observation of staff
26
What is role uncertainty?
When employees lack clarity about their job position, leading to confusion about responsibilities and objectives
27
Define role conflict
When employees face conflicting demands from different sources, causing psychological stress as they struggle to meet all expectations
28
What causes role stress in organizations?
1. Poor communication 2. Organizational changes 3. Contradictory instructions 4. Tasks conflicting with professional values
29
What are the two main types of photoreceptors?
1. Rods (120 million): Better in low light 2. Cones (6 million): Color perception and detail
30
What is the Young-Helmholtz theory?
Explains color vision through three types of cone cells responding to different light wavelengths, also explains color blindness
31
What are visual receptive fields?
"Hotspots" in the visual field that trigger neuron activation Two main types: On-centre: Most active when centre is lit Off-centre: Most active when centre is dark
32
How does the cochlear process sound?
- Sound waves travel from basal to apical end of basilar membrane - High-frequency sounds vibrate at the stiffer, narrow end - Low-frequency sounds vibrate at the wider, softer end
33
How are sound waves converted to neural signals?
- Hair cells in the cochlear bend - Neurotransmitters (likely glutamate) are released - Nerve impulses generated in sensory neurons - Impulses travel along cochlear nerve branch
34
What is reconstructive memory?
Memory is not an exact reproduction but a reconstruction influenced by: - Emotions - Context - Personal meaning - Potential for creating false memories
35
Characteristics of Frontal Damage Amnesia
1. Source amnesia: Difficulty remembering how/where information was acquired 2. Confabulation: Creating false memories unintentionally 3. Anosognosia: Lack of awareness about memory deficit
36
What is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott effect?
A memory phenomenon where people tend to falsely remember words that are associated with but not actually presented in a list
37
What is a flashbulb memory?
Vivid and detailed memories associated with emotionally charged events, though not necessarily completely accurate over time
38
What did H.M.'s case teach us about memory?
- Hippocampus is crucial for forming new long-term memories - Short-term memory can remain intact - Early memories remain accessible - Inability to create new long-term memories post-surgery
39
What brain structures are related to memory?
1. Neocortex 2. Limbic system 3. Hippocampus 4. Thalamus 5. Prefrontal cortex
40
What unusual senses do humans have beyond the five traditional senses?
1. Magnetoreception (sensing magnetic fields) 2. Chronoception (sensing passage of time) 3. Interoception (sensing internal body processes) 4. Proprioception (body position awareness)
41
What is six degrees of freedom?
The ability to move in all three-dimensional directions: Translation: Forward/backward (x-axis) Left/right (y-axis) Up/down (z-axis) Rotation: Roll (x-axis rotation) Pitch (y-axis rotation) Yaw (z-axis rotation)
42
What is spatial resolution in vision?
The smallest distance between two objects that can still be distinguished from one another
43
What is the electromagnetic spectrum of visible light?
Wavelength range: 400 to 700 nm Part of a broader spectrum including: Gamma rays (shortest wavelengths) X-rays UV rays Infrared Microwaves Radio waves (longest wavelengths)
44
What is the chunking effect in memory?
A process where individual pieces of information are grouped into larger, more manageable units to improve memory retention
45
What are the levels of processing in memory encoding?
Shallow processing: Visual or phonological Deep processing: Semantic (most effective for memory retention
46
What makes research methods reliable?
1. Using multiple data collection methods 2. Cross-checking findings 3. Reducing individual method biases 4. Capturing different aspects of a phenomenon
47
What psychological research methods exist?
1. Staff surveys 2. Interviews 3. Direct observation 4. Neuropsychological case studies 5. Experimental manipulations
48
What is anosognosia?
A condition where a person lacks awareness or concern about their own neurological deficit
49
What happens in source amnesia?
Difficulty remembering how and where specific information was originally acquired
50
How do mechanical deformations become neural signals?
- Mechanical stimuli trigger receptor deformation - Transduction converts physical stimulus to neural signal - Neural signal transformed into action potential (spike) - Spike transmitted to central nervous system
51
How do different photoreceptors function?
Rods: 120 million Excellent in low light Multiple rods converge to one neuron Lower resolution, higher light sensitivity Cones: 6 million Color perception One or two cones per ganglion cell High resolution Better in bright light
52
What does umami mean?
Savoury (in taste)
53
How many items can Short-Term Memory typically hold?
7 ± 2 items (5 to 9 items)
54
How many rods are in the human eye?
Approximately 120 million
55
How many cones are in the human eye?
Approximately 6 million
56
What unusual sense can humans potentially detect?
Magnetoreception (sensing magnetic fields)
57
What converts sensory stimuli to neural impulses?
Transduction
58
What sense is located in the inner ear?
Vestibular (balance)
59
What is cynicism?
An inclination to believe people are motivated purely by self-interest
60
What is proprioception?
Awareness of body position
61
What is nociception?
The sense of pain
62
What is confabulation?
Creating false memories without intending to deceive, often associated with frontal lobe damage
63
What is the vestibular system responsible for?
Balance (equilibrioception) Detecting head movements Helping maintain orientation relative to gravity
64
What is thermoception?
The sense of temperature or how hot or cold we are
65
Give an example of autobiographical memory
Remembering what you did during your last summer holiday
66
What is semantic memory?
General knowledge not tied to personal experiences, like knowing facts about fictional characters or historical information
67
What is chronoception?
The sense of passage of time
68
What is interoception?
Sensing internal body processes like hunger, thirst, or internal organ functioning
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Bussiness Studies (9 decks)

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