Intro to Psych

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The science of mental processes

Question 2

Wundt

Answer 2

Founder of modern day psychology, research methods used introspection, psychophysical measurements, reaction time

Question 3

E.B Titchener

Answer 3

Founded structuralism; to explain consciousness by analyzing its structural elements

Question 4

Structuralism

Answer 4

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Question 5

William James

Answer 5

Published the first psych book; founded functionalism

Question 6

Functionalism

Answer 6

A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Question 7

J.B. Watson

Answer 7

Leader of behaviorism

Question 8

Behaviorism

Answer 8

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Question 9

Biological Approach

Answer 9

behavior understood by describing underlying biochemical and neurological causes

Question 10

Cognitive Approach

Answer 10

deals with perception, language, and thought. (Piaget and Chomsky)

Question 11

Psychoanalytic

Answer 11

behavior is motivated by unconscious processes. Importance on childhood, sex and aggression. (Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney)

Question 12

Humanist

Answer 12

emphasized on helping everyone and opposed behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Free will. (Maslow and Rogers)

Question 13

Experiment

Answer 13

the only research method that shows cause and effect. Includes a hypothesis and must be testable, verifiable, and refutable.

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

variable manipulated by the experiment

Question 15

Dependent Variable

Answer 15

measured variable influenced by the independent variable

Question 16

Experimental Group

Answer 16

the group that receives the treatment

Question 17

Control Group

Answer 17

the group that doesn’t receive the treatment (placebo)

Question 18

Placebo Effect

Answer 18

a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment.

Question 19

Single Blind

Answer 19

controls subject awareness of group assignment

Question 20

Double-Blind

Answer 20

controls subject and experimenter awareness of group assignment

Question 21

Randomization

Answer 21

selection for groups random or by chance procedure

Question 22

Experimenter Bias

Answer 22

any systematic errors in the research process or the interpretation of its results that are attributable to a researcher’s behavior, preconceived beliefs, expectancies, or desires about results. For example, a researcher may inadvertently cue participants to behave or respond in a particular way

Question 23

Population

Answer 23

the larger group of people from which samples are drawn

Question 24

Sample

Answer 24

set of subjects drawn from a particular population

Question 25

Naturalistic Observation (Pros and Cons)

Answer 25

Pro: behavior observed in a natural setting, much info obtained, the hypothesis is formed Con: no control, observer bias, may need to wait for event to occur

Question 26

Correlation

Answer 26

describes the relationships between two variables

Question 27

Causation

Answer 27

the empirical relation between two events, states, or variables such that change in one (the cause) brings about change in the other (the effect).

Question 28

Survey Method

Answer 28

methods used to measure attitudes, motives, opinions, etc.

Question 29

Sampling Error

Answer 29

the predictable margin of error that occurs in studies of samples of cases or observations from a larger population: It indicates the possible variance between the true value of a parameter in the population and the estimate of that value made from the sample data. For example, a sampling error of 3% in a large national survey finding that 65% of citizens prefer a particular policy means that the true figure could be anywhere between 62% and 68%.