Intro to Psychology

Question 1

The scientific study of behavior and the
mind.

Answer 1

Psychology:

Question 2

Actions and responses that we can
DIRECTLY observe.

Answer 2

Behavior:

Question 3

Internal states and processes (such as
thoughts and feelings) that must be INFERRED
from observable, measurable responses or
behavior.

Answer 3

Mind:

Question 4

Five Central Goals of Psychology

Answer 4

1.) To describe how people and other species behave.
2.) To understand the causes of these behaviors.
3.) To predict how people and animals will behave under
certain conditions.
4.) To influence behavior through the control of its causes.
5.) To apply psychological knowledge in ways that enhance
human welfare.

Question 5

Involves taking an active role in understanding the
world around you rather than merely receiving
information.

Answer 5

CRITICAL THINKING

Question 6

○ It is important to reflect on what the information
means, how it fits with your experiences, and its
implications for your life and society.
○ It also means evaluating the validity of
something presented to you as fact.

Answer 6

CRITICAL THINKING

Question 7

SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 7

PSYCHOLOGY AS A BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Question 8

PSYCHOLOGY AS A BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCE

Reflects the quest for knowledge purely
for its own sake.

Answer 8

Basic Research

Question 9

PSYCHOLOGY AS A BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCE:

Designed to solve specific, practical
problems.

Answer 9

Applied Research:

Question 10

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
are keys to scientific attitudes.

Answer 10

Curiosity
Skepticism
Open-mindedness

Question 10

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
are keys to scientific attitudes.

Answer 10

Curiosity
Skepticism
Open-mindedness

Question 11

Used in everyday life to explain behavior;
hindsight is flawed because there are many possible
explanations and no way to access which is correct.

Answer 11

Hindsight

Question 12

Psychologists prefer to test their understanding
through ___ ___ ___

Answer 12

Prediction
Control
Theory-building

Question 13

Levels of Analysis:

Answer 13

Biological
Psychological
Environmental

Question 14

Level of Brain processes, genetic
influences

Answer 14

Biological level

Question 15

Level of Thoughts, feelings, and
motives.

Answer 15

Psychological level

Question 16

Level of Past and current physical
and social environments to which we are
exposed.

Answer 16

Environmental level

Question 17

Psychology as a Scientific Hub
5 branches

Answer 17

Biology
Medicine
Anthropology
Sociology
Computer Science

Question 18

Scientific study of health and the causes and treatment of diseases

Answer 18

Medicine

Question 19

The scientific study of life processes and biological structure

Answer 19

Biology

Question 20

The scientific study of cultural origins, evolution, and variations

Answer 20

Anthropology

Question 20

The scientific study of cultural origins, evolution and variations

Answer 20

Anthropology

Question 21

The scientific study of human social relations of system

Answer 21

Sociology

Question 22

The scientific study of information processing and manipulations of data

Answer 22

Computer science

Question 23

HISTORICAL AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES

Answer 23

PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYNAMIC BEHAVIORAL HUMANISTIC COGNITIVE SOCIOCULTURAL BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONARY

Question 24

(Id, Ego, and Superego) Unconscious motives, conflicts, and defense mechanisms that influence our personality and behavior.

Answer 24

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Question 25

emphasized how unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and childhood experiences shape personality

Answer 25

Freud

Question 26

Emphasizes how the external environment and learning shape behavior.

Answer 26

BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 27

believed that psychology should only study observable stimuli and responses, not unobservable mental processes.

Answer 27

Watson and Skinner

Question 27

believed that psychology should only study observable stimuli and responses, not unobservable mental processes.

Answer 27

Watson and Skinner

Question 28

Emphasizes personal freedom and choice, psychological growth, and self-actualization.

Answer 28

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Question 29

has contributed to research on the self, the process of psychotherapy, and today’s positive psychology movement.

Answer 29

Humanism

Question 30

Views humans as information processors who think, judge, and solve problems.

Answer 30

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Question 31

_________ maintains that much of what we call reality is a creation of our own mental processes.

Answer 31

Social constructivism

Question 32

Examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence behavior and thoughts.

Answer 32

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 33

With roots in physiology, medicine, and Darwin’s theory of evolution, the biological perspective examines how bodily functions regulate behavior.

Answer 33

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 34

Examines the adaptive functions of behaviors. Seeks to explain how evolution predisposed humans towards certain ways of behaving.

Answer 34

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

Question 35

Behavior is strongly influenced by___________, which are kept and passed on from one generation to the next.

Answer 35

Inherited factors

Question 36

(as a science) is empirical. It favors observation over pure intuition or reason as means of attaining knowledge about behavior.

Answer 36

Psychology

Question 37

Psychologists also recognize that our personal experience of the world is

Answer 37

Subjective

Question 38

Behavior is determined by multiple causal factors.

Answer 38

● Biological environment (nature) ● Learning environment (nurture) ● Psychological factors (e.g. thoughts and motives)

Question 39

is a means of adapting to environmental demands.

Answer 39

Behavior

Question 40

____________ processes are affected by the ___________ in which we develop and live.

Answer 40

Behavior and cognitive; social and cultural environments

Question 41

Neurotransmitter systems do not operate normally (leads to the use of antidepressants).

Answer 41

Biochemical:

Question 42

The psychological and physical ability to withdraw and conserve one’s resources was undoubtedly the most adaptive defense against an environmental stressor such as unavoidable defeat and personal loss–this perspective views depression as an exaggerated form of this withdrawal process.

Answer 42

Evolutionary

Question 43

Pessimist thinking style, like blaming themselves for negative things and taking little credit for the good things; perfectionist expectations

Answer 43

Psychological

Question 44

Severe losses, rejections, or traumas in childhood create a personality style that causes people to overreact to setbacks, setting the stage for future depression.

Answer 44

Psychodynamic:

Question 45

behaviorists propose that depression is a reaction to a non-rewarding environment.

Answer 45

Environmental: