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Psychology AS (2) > Intro To Psychology > Flashcards

Intro To Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an experiment?

A

A hypothesis is tested and variables are controlled

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2
Q

What is the purpose of a control group?

A

Baseline comparison group

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3
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A
  • The aim is guessed
  • try to make sense of the situation
  • participants act how they think they should
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4
Q

What is operationalisation?

A

Make independent and dependent variable testable and measurable

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5
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

States direction of predicted difference between conditions

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6
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

Predicts difference between conditions without stating it

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7
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Predicts no difference between conditions

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8
Q

What does scientific mean?

A

Observable behaviour objectively measured

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9
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Variables that effect dependent but not independent variable

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10
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Variables that systematically change with the independent variable

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11
Q

Give an example of an extraneous variable?

A

individual differences

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12
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

Unwanted influence by investigator on results

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13
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Participants subject to same environment, information and experience

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14
Q

What does randomisation help to reduce?

A
  • extraneous variables
  • confounding variables
  • investigator effects
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15
Q

What is an experimental design?

A

How participants are allocated to conditions

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16
Q

What is the independent groups design?

A

Different groups take part in each condition of independent variable

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17
Q

What are strengths of using independent groups design?

A
  • more valid

- less likely to guess aim

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18
Q

What is the repeated measures design?

A

Same groups take part in each condition of independent variable

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19
Q

What are the strengths of using a repeated measures design?

A
  • less participant variables

- more reliable

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20
Q

What is the matched pairs design?

A

Participants matched on significant variables that may effect dependent variable

21
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent the experiment tested what it set out to measure

22
Q

What is external validity?

A

How generalisable the study is to other situations

23
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Whether research was sound

24
Q

Where does a lab experiment take place?

A

Highly controlled environment

25
Q

Where does a field experiment take place?

A

In a controlled natural setting

26
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

Researchers takes advantage of pre-existing independent variable

27
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

Independent variable based on existing difference between people

28
Q

What is a population?

A

Group who are focus of researchers interest

29
Q

How do you select a sample?

A
  • find people in target populate
  • select a representative sample
  • generalise results back to target population
30
Q

What are ethical issues?

A

conflict between participants rights and researchers needs to gain valuable findings

31
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants give permission to take part in study

32
Q

What do participants have to be aware of to give informed consent?

A
  • aims

- what they are expected to do

33
Q

What is deception?

A

Participants have been told a false purpose for research

34
Q

What is harm?

A

Participants must not receive more harm than they do in everyday life

35
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

All information collected must be published in way that does not identify participants

36
Q

What is a naturalistic study?

A

Carried out in a natural setting

37
Q

What is a covert study?

A

Participants don’t know they are being observed

38
Q

What is a participant study?

A

Observer becomes part of group they are observing

39
Q

What is a non-participant study?

A

Researcher remains separate from group they are observing

40
Q

What is self report data?

A

Method involves stating own feelings, opinions, behaviours and experiences

41
Q

What are open questions?

A

No range of fixed answers

42
Q

What are closed questions?

A

Fixed number of answers

43
Q

What is the likert scale?

A

Indicates agreement to statements

44
Q

What does a rating scale show?

A

Indicate value that represents feeling on topic

45
Q

Name 3 types of interview

A
  • structured
  • unstructured
  • semi structured
46
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

Predetermined questions asked in a fixed order

47
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A
  • no set questions just a general aim
  • encouraged to expand
  • questions developed from response
48
Q

What is a semi structured interview?

A

Composed of structured and unstructured questions

Psychology AS (2) (13 decks)

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