Intro to Pulmonary A/P Pumonary Physiology

Question 1

Ventilation

Answer 1

mechanical movement of gases into and out of the lungs

Question 2

Lung Volumes

Answer 2

Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume

Question 3

TV

Answer 3

Tidal Volume

Question 4

IRV

Answer 4

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Question 5

ERV

Answer 5

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Question 6

RV

Answer 6

Residual Volume

Question 7

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 7

normal amount of air inhaled/exhaled

Question 8

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 8

additional volume of air that can be inhaled beyond normal TV inhalation

Question 9

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 9

additional volume of air that can be exhaled beyond tha normal TV exhalation

Question 10

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 10

volume that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort

Question 11

Lung Capacities

Answer 11

Inspiratory Capacity, Functional Residual Capacit, Vital Capacity, Total Lung Capacity

Question 12

IC

Answer 12

Inspiratory Capacity

Question 13

FRC

Answer 13

Functional Residual Capacity

Question 14

VC

Answer 14

Vital Capacity

Question 15

TLC

Answer 15

Total Lung Capacity

Question 16

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 16

TV + IRV
max amount that can be inhaled

Question 17

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 17

ERV + RV
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal TV exhalation

Question 18

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 18

IRV + TV + ERV
max amount of air that can be exhaled following a max inhilation

Question 19

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 19

IRV + TV + ERV + RV
max volume which the lings can be expanded; sum of all pulmonary volumes

Question 20

Hemodynamics of Pulmonary System

Answer 20

Respiratory Rate, Tidal Volume, Minute Ventilation

Question 21

RR

Answer 21

Respiratory Rate

Question 22

Vt

Answer 22

Tidal Volume

Question 23

MV

Answer 23

Minute Vetilation

Question 24

Respiratory Rate (RR)

Answer 24

normal adult respiratory rate is 12 to 29 breaths/minute

Question 25

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 25

volume of inspired air inhaled/exhaled (350-500 mL)

Question 26

Minute Ventilation (MV)

Answer 26

normal adult minute ventilation is 4-6 L/min

Question 27

hemodynamics of pumonary system equation

Answer 27

RR x Vt = MV

Question 28

Neurons in parts of the brainstem, including ht emedular oblongata and pons, provvide controll for —

Answer 28

automatic breathing and asjust ventilatory rate and tidal volume for normal gas exchange

Question 29

the medulla oblongata contains inspiratory neurons that produce inspiration and expiratory neurons that are triggered with —

Answer 29

forced expiration

Question 30

inspiratory neurons are located in the —

Answer 30

inspiratory center, or dorsal respiratory group, of the medulla

Question 31

enhanced frequency of firing of inspiratory neurons —

Answer 31

increases the motor units recruited and results in deeper breaths

Question 32

an elongation in the time of firing of inspiratory neurons —

Answer 32

prolongs each breath and results in slower respiratory rate

Question 33

a cessation of inspiratory neurons causes —

Answer 33

elastic recoil of the lungs and passive expiration

Question 34

ANS control of the lungs

Answer 34

1. stimulation of the vagus nerve
2. stimulation of the sympathetic nerves

Question 35

stimulation of the vagus nerve

Answer 35

1. bronchial constriction
2. dilation of pulmonary arterial muscle
3. increased glandular secretion

Question 36

stimulation of the sympathetic nerves

Answer 36

1. bronchial relaxation
2. constriction of pulmonary arterial muscle
3. decreased glandular secretion

Question 37

CNS control of breathing

Answer 37

medulla and pons

Question 38

medulla inspiratory neurons in DRG

Answer 38

-enhanced firing leads to increased RR
-slowing firing leads to decreased RR
-cessation leads to elastic recoil and passive expiration

Question 39

medulla expiratory neurons in VRG

Answer 39

neural stimulation causes inhibition of inspiratory system (DRG) to allow for deeper expiration if needed

Question 40

medulla pre-botxinger complex

Answer 40

thought to be intrinsic rhythm generator like pacemaker in heart

Question 41

pons pneumotaxic center

Answer 41

maintains rhythm of breathing, balancing time periods of inspiration and expiration by inhibiting apneustic center

Question 42

pons apeustic center

Answer 42

facilitates sustained breathing when uninhibited by pneumotaxic center

Question 43

afferent connections to brainstem function

Answer 43

respiratory centers receive afferent input from various locations

Question 44

afferent connection to brainstem

Answer 44

hypothalamus
limbic system
chemoreceptors
lungs

Question 45

limbic system/hypothalamus function

Answer 45

involved in the maintenance of basal ventilation, and modulation of respiration in hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, during dynamic exercise, in awake and sleep states, and under pain or stress

Question 46

limbic system/hypothalamus function examples

Answer 46

anger = breath holding
pain = tachypnea or gasping
anxiety = uncontrollable hyperventilation

Question 47

chemoreceptors location

Answer 47

brainstem and peripheral arteries

Question 48

chemoreceptors of brainstem

Answer 48

sense pH change in CSF -> if pH low, result in increased RR and depth of breathing

Question 49

chemoreceptors of peripheral arteries

Answer 49

-communicate to respiratory centers via vagus/glossopharyngeal nerve.
-sense when CO2 levels in blood are high, and O2 levels are low -> result in increased RR and depth of breathing

Question 50

Voluntary breathing

Answer 50

control originates from the primary motor cortex and sends signal to spinal cord, bypassing the respiratory centers

Question 51

voluntary breathing examples

Answer 51

-playing wind instrument
-singing
-holding breath