Intro to Seaweeds Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Unifying characteristics of Algae (6)
A
Photosynthetic
Aquatic
Non-vascular
Uni or multicellular
Simple reproductive structures
Polyphyletic
2
Q
The unifying characteristic of all photosynthesizing algae
A
Chlorophyll A
3
Q
Phycobilosomes
A
Assemblies of phycobilins located on top of Chlorophyll A reaction centers
4
Q
Phycobiliproteins
A
Connect the phycobilisomes
5
Q
Green Algae Pigments
A
Few accessory pigments
Chl A and B
Some carotenoids
No phycobilins
6
Q
Brown Algae Pigments
A
Chl A and C
Carotenoids (fucoxanthin)
No phycobilins
7
Q
Red Algae Pigments
A
Chl A only
Carotenoids
Phycobilins
8
Q
Protist
A
Not an animal, plant or fungi
9
Q
Phototaxis
A
The ability of an organism to move toward the light
10
Q
Thylakoid Membrane
A
The membrane that the photosystems are embedded in
11
Q
Bacteriochlorophyll
A
The pigments that occur in phototrophic bacteria
12
Q
Carotenoid
A
Protective pigments in algae
13
Q
Phycobilins
A
Light capturing pigments in the green absorbing range
14
Q
Phycocyanin
A
The pigment that is central in phycobilisomes
15
Q
Phycoerythrin
A
The pigment that is external in phycobilisomes (reddish)
16
Q
Allophycocyanin
A
The pigment that is basal in phycobilisomes
17
Q
Fucoxanthin
A
This is the accessory (carotenoid) pigment of brown algae that gives them their colour
18
Q
Porphyrin Ring
A
This is the distinctive ring of chlorophyll that absorbs light energy
19
Q
Stromatolite
A
The physical cement structures formed by cyanobacteria aggregations
20
Q
Iron Oxides
A
The oxygenated iron compounds found in the fossil record, show oxygen in the atmosphere
21
Q
prokaryotic
A
Organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles
22
Q
Endosymbiosis
A
Symbiosis is where one organism lives inside the other
23
Q
Plastid
A
The membrane-bound organelle where photosynthesis occurs
24
Q
Peptidoglycan Layer
A
Layer in between cell membrane of cyanobacteria, important for endosymbiosis
25
Glaucophytes
The missing link in endosymbiosis is both membranes in the plastid from cyano.
26
Nucleomorph
Vestigial eukaryotic nuclei that were acquired from primary alga
27
Gametic Meiosis
Free-living stage (2N)
Meiosis creates gametes
Diplontic
28
Gamete Types (3)
Oogamy -- Small motile & large immobile
Isogamy -- Identical motile
Anisogamy -- Small motile & large motile
29
Zygotic Meiosis
Free-living stage (N)
Mitosis creates gametes & zygote undergoes meiosis
Haplontic
30
Sporic Meiosis
Both 2N and N free-living stage
Sporophyte (2N) undergoes meiosis (makes spores N)
Gametophyte (N) undergoes mitosis (makes gametes N)
Haplodiplontic -- alternation of generations
31
Adaptive purpose of heteromorphic alternation of generations
Upright forms grow faster and reproduce more quickly, but they are more susceptible to herbivory and environmental factors
Crustose/microscopic forms grow slower and reproduce slower, but they are resistant to herbivory and environmental factors. Act as a seed bank during hard times
This is beneficial for fluctuating environments and seasonal variables
32
heterokont
heteromorphic flagellum
33
mastigonome
Tinsel flagellum has hairs on flagella to pull them through the water forwards
34
Laminarin
Storage glucan (polysaccharide of glucose) found in brown algae
35
Alginate
Matrix polysaccharide of brown algae
36
Mannitol
Transports photosynthate from the blade down to holdfast in kelps
37
Meristoderm
Additional growth zone: small surface cells with chloroplasts
38
Trumpet hyphae
Analogous to phloem in plants, perforated sieve plates connect cells
39
Sieve Plates
perforated connection points that allow movement of photosynthate
40
Kelp
Order Laminariales that have a stipe, holdfast and thalli
41
Pneumatocyst
These are gas-filled chambers that allow brown algaes to float
42
Receptacle
The exterior portion of the sex structure
43
Conceptacle
Is contained within the receptacle and houses the sperm and eggs
44
Haptera
This is the holdfast that branches out much like roots
45
Unilocular sporangium
Reproductive structure in sporic species
Meiosis occurs here
produce haploid spores
46
Plurilocular sporangium
Reproductive structure in sporic species
Only mitosis
Diploid LH stage is formed by diploid spores
Haploid LH stage is formed by haploid spores
47
Lamoxirene
This is a pheromone that the eggs release to attract the sperm in kelps
48
monospore
diploid spores produced by the sporophyte that can develop into new sporophytes
49
sporophyll
These are spore bearing fronds of brown algae
50
isomorphic
When the haploid and diploid stages have similar morphology
51
heteromorphic
When the haploid and diploid stages have different morphologies
52
spermatia
non-motile male gamete of red algae
53
spermatangia
clear yellow layer on red algae blades that produce spermatia
54
tetraspore
These group of 4 spores are created by the tetrasporangium via meiosis, and produce gametophytes
55
Carpogonia
the egg cell forms into the zygote formed on the female gametophyte
56
Carpospore
These are diploid spores produced by the carpogonia
Settle to form tetrasporophyte
57
Carposporangia
this is the cell in the carposporophyte that produces carpospores
58
pericarp
membranous layer around cystocarp in red algae
59
cystocarp
The fruiting body of red algae where carpospores are housed
60
Gametophyte Red Algae
This is a haploid stage that produces haploid spermacea
61
Carposporophyte
Amplified fertilization stage of red algae
always on female gametophyte
2N
62
tetrasporophyte
This free living sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce tetraspores
63
Phycobilisome
These are complexes where phycobilins are arranged in red algae
64
Pit Plug
Red algal cells with incomplete cell division are joined by pit plugs which inhibit cell communication
65
Polysiphonious
Tiers of cells commonly seen in red algae
66
Trichogyne
Outgrowth of female gametophyte in some red algae that help to catch male spermacea that are floating by
67
Sorus
Collection of reproductive cells on algae that will shed off and form new growth
68
Genicula
decalcified joints of corralines
69
Trichogyne
An outgrowth of female gametophyte in some red algae that help to catch male spermacea that are floating by
70
Benefits of calcification (6)
Difficult to bite/chew
Less nutritious (per gram)
Herbivory often helps corallines being overgrown by diatoms and other algae
Reproductive structures hidden inside calcified conseptacles
Resist wave damage
Resist UV damage
71
Isokont
Cells only produce one kind of flagella
72
Filamentous
Single row or string of cells
73
coenocytic
one common cell, cytoplasm is continuous
74
utricles
75
zoochlorellae
Small unicellular green algae that live inside anenomes
76
conjugation
transfer of bacterial genome to some green algae
77
Charophyta
Close relatives of green algae with similar sperm morphology and oogonium and antheridium
78
oogonia
female sex organ
79
antheridia
male sex organ
80
Morphological Defense
Calcification can protect algae (Calliarthron)
81
Temporal Defense
Seasonal shifts (Scytosiphon has crust in summer)
Daily shifts (Halimeda produces new segments at night)
82
Spatial Defense
Live high in intertidal (Endocladia)
Live in high wave exposure (Postelsia)
83
Chemical Defence
Produce halogenated compounds (Prionitis & Osmundea)
Sulphuric acid (Desmerestia)
Phlorotannins (Fucus)
84
Basionym
The original collection name, is reported with current name of seaweed
85
Type
Original specimen to which name is attatched
86
Zonation
The spatial patterns of species in the intertidal
87
Upper Limit
This is abiotically defined
UV, temperature, desiccation, wave action
88
Lower Limit
This is biotically defined
Herbivore grazing, competition, fouling
89
Resist Light Stress (3)
Pigmentation
Calcification
Grow in shade
90
Resist Desiccation
Saccate morphology (hold water)
Turf morphology (retain water)
Cell wall polysaccharides
Dry out then rehydrate
91
Algal bleaching
It can be a combination of many factors (desiccation, light, temperature)
Desiccation is most problematic (algae bleach in cold dark when desiccated)
92
Epiphytic
Growing on another plant
93
Endophytic
Growing in another plant
94
Benefits of epiphytism (4)
Don't need to find bare rock
Improve competition for light
It might be protected from herbivores
increase dispersal
95
Cost of epiphytism (3)
Dependent on presence and survival of host
Content with herbivores of host
Must overcome hosts chemistry
96
Increase Reproductive success (4)
Large numbers of propagules
Environmental cues
Pheremones
Short and long-distance dispersal
97
Environmental Cues
Light wavelength
light photoperiod
slow water flow
temperature
Blue light initiates reproduction and red light stops it
98
Lamoxirene
induces sperm release from antheridia of male gametophyte
chemo-attractant
found in all kelps
Only effective at 0.5 mm away
99
How to avoid dislodgement (3)
Reduce drag (fronds)
Maximize support (stipe)
Maximize attatchement (holdfast)
100
Secondary Cell Wall
In C. tuberculosum they have lignin which helps to strengthen their cell walls
The addition of disordered cellulose allows them to be strong and flexible
101
Water flow benefits (3)
Dispersal
gas exchange
nutrient delivery
102
Water flow detriments
Sand scour
Inhibit fertilization and attachment
Dislodgement and breakage
103
Drag Equation
Force = 1/2ρU^2ACd
ρ: fluid density
U: velocity
A: area
Cd: drag coefficient
104
Reduce Velocity
Stay close to the substratum
wave sheltered sites, subtidally or epiphytically
105
Reduce Area
collapse fronds, stack or reduce area in flow
106
Reduce Coefficient
Reconfigure/compress
Be streamlined
107
Benefits to seaweed aquaculture
land may not be required
fertilizers not required
encouraged in developing countries
provide a nursery for other organisms
filter undesired nutrients
provide jobs to women
108
Anti-oxidant seaweed
polyphenolic compounds in browns
109
Anti-bacterial seaweed
Fight against tuberculosis and bacterial anti-fouling agents for fighting cystic fibrosis
110
Indigenous Uses
Spawn on giant kelp
Bull kelp pneumatocyst to form fish hooks
Stipes and pneumatocysts to make fishing line and floats
111
Temperature Increase Effect on Seaweeds
Shift in biogeographic range
Move down the water
Loss of cover and biodiversity
reproduction timing
increase herbivory
112
Sea level rise effect on seaweed
may lose intertidal species
reduce available space
113
Ocean acidification effect on seaweed
reduce the amount of corallines
may help other seaweeds
Diatoms more productive
Delays spore attachment and weakens the attachment
Kelp spore motility decrease
114
Invasive Undaria pinnatifidia
native to Asia
invade Australia and mediteranean through ship ballasts
scours the sea floor
115
Invasive Caulerpa
native to Caribbean
cold water strain invading many places and completely covering
almost impossible to remove due to rhizoids
116
Invasive codium
From japan into Atlantic ocean with oysters
forms dense mats that rot
