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Locomotor Y2 > Intro to skin > Flashcards

Intro to skin Flashcards

1
Q

Name one cancer which mainly affects the skin

A

Malignant melanoma

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2
Q

Name one inflammatory condition which mainly affects the skin

A

Psoriasis

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3
Q

Name one way that diabetes affects the skin?

A

Diabetic ulcer

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4
Q

Name one genetic disease which mainly affects the skin?

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

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5
Q

What does this image show?

A

Psoriasis

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6
Q

What does this image show?

A

Malignant melanoma

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7
Q

What does this image show?

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

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8
Q

List the 4 main fucntions of the skin

A

Protection

Insulation

Provides sensory information

Vitamin D synthesis

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9
Q

List 5 things the skin helps to protect you from?

A
  • Physical trauma
  • Infection
  • Penetration of drugs and chemicals
  • UV radiation
  • Water loss
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10
Q

What is the name of the two main layers which make up the skin? What is the potential third layer?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

Hypodermis (adipose tissue)

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11
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

Which part of the embryo does the epidermis come from?

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

What is the main cell type found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

List the 4 main layers in the epidermis?

A

–Stratum basale (basal layer)

–Stratum spinosum (spinous layer)

–Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

–Stratum corneum (cornified layer)

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15
Q

Which layer of the skin is hair and sebaceouse glands found in?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

keratins

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17
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the stratum corneum, hair and nails?

A

Keratins

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18
Q

What is the difference betwee alpha and beta keratins?

A

Alpha keratin has a secondary structure with S-S bonding

This makes it soft

Beta keratin is hard

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19
Q

In which epidermal layer does proliferation occure?

A

Basal layer

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20
Q

State 4 features of the stem cells in the skin

A
  • Long lived
  • Slow cycling
  • Capable of self renewal
  • Capable of terminal differentiation
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21
Q

What do the Basal layer cells connect to?

A

The basment memebrane

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22
Q

What type of laminin, and collagen is found in the basement membrane of the skin?

A

•Laminin 332, Collagen IV, and Collagen VII

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23
Q

What links keratin cytoskeleton to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)

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24
Q

What anchors epidermis to dermis?

A

Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)

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25
List 2 other fucntions of Hemidesmosomes (integrin receptors)?
Essential for cell polarity, regulating basal cell function
26
How many cell layers thick is the Stratum Spinosum?
3-4 cell layers thick
27
The cells in the Stratum Spinosum have a spiny appearance, why?
They have Numerous desmosomes
28
How many cell layers does the Stratum Granulosum have?
2-3 layers
29
In which layer of the epidermis is are granules of keratohyalin found?
Stratum Granulosum
30
There are 3 type of keratohyalin granules, name them
–Filaggrin –Involucrin Loricrin
31
Which layer of the epidermis is the main protective barrier of skin?
The stratum corneum
32
Which features of the stratum corneum make it a good protective barrier?
* Have a thick cornified envelope * Cross-linked by enzymes * Cells in cornified layer are dead
33
Which feaature of the stratum corneum is used to maintain mositure?
Intercellular lipids (ceramides)
34
List and describe 4 main cell to cell adhesions
•Adherens junctions Cadherin receptor linked to actin cytoskeleton •Desmosome Cadherin receptor linked to keratin cytoskeleton •Tight junctions Claudin and occludin seal intercellular space •Gap junctions Intercellular pores made up of connexins
35
Name the 3 layers found in the dermis
–Papillary –Reticular –Adipose
36
List 3 main features/ functions of the Dermis
* Provides strength and elasticity to skin * Complex mix of macromolecules * Vascularised and innervated
37
What is the most abundant cell in the dermis?
Fibroblast
38
List 3 things that fibroblast cells synthesises?
–Collagen –Elastin –Proteoglycans
39
Which layer of the dermis contains many small blood capillaries?
The papillary layer
40
Which proteins are found in the papillary layer?
* Type III Collagen * Elastin
41
42
Describe which arrangment of collagen in the papillary layer? Which type of collagen is located here?
* Fine, randomly oriented collagen * Type III Collagen
43
Describe the arrangment of collgane in the reticular layer?
•Large and densely packed collagen fibres
44
Which part of the skin and which layer of this part provides most of the emchincal strendth for the skin?
Dermis Reticular layer
45
List the 2 types of glands found in the dermis?
–Sebaceous gland * Eccrine sweat gland * Apocrine gland
46
Where is the Pilosebaceous unit located in the skin? State the 2 things this unit is composed of
–Hair follicle –Sebaceous gland
47
Is a hair follicle part of the dermis of the epidermis?
Epidermis
48
There are two types of hair follicles, name them
–Vellus-body hair –Terminal-scalp and secondary sexual hair
49
What is produces hair?
Matrix keratinocytes
50
What controls hair growth?
Dermal papilla fibroblasts
51
Which keratin type do hair follicle stem cells express?
Keratin 15
52
List and describe the 3 main phases in the hair cycle
* Anagen-active * Catagen-regressive * Telogen-resting
53
What kind of gland is the sebaceous gland? Which hormones is it sensitive to? And at which point in life does it enlarge?
* Exocrine gland * Androgen sensitive * Enlarges at puberty
54
Name the component of the Sebaceous Gland which contains sebum? What happens when the Sebaceous Gland is infected?
* Mature sebocytes contain sebum * Infection causes acne
55
How is the Eccrine Sweat Gland regulated?
Thermoregulation
56
There are two components of the Eccrine Sweat Gland, name them
–Excretory duct –Secretory coil
57
What is an Apocrine Gland? Where are they located?
* Sweat gland associated with hair follicles * Axilla and pubic region
58
What causes sweat from the Apocrine Gland to smell?
The odourless secretion it produces is * Broken down on skin by bacteria * Release volatile fatty acids
59
What type of (immune) cell is a melanocyte?
Dendritic cell
60
Where in the skin are melanocytes found?
•Epidemis on basement membrane and hair matrix
61
What do melanocytes produce?
•Produce melanin in melanosomes
62
Which organel is responsible for the synthesis ,storage and transport of melanin?
melanosomes
63
There are two types of melanin, name them
–Eumelanin –Pheomelanin
64
How are melanosomes protected from UV?
•Melanosomes injected into keratinocytes
65
What type of (immune) cell is the Langerhan Cell?
Dendritic cell
66
Where in the skin are Langerhan Cells found?
•Basal and spinous layers of the epidermis
67
What is the fucntion of Langerhan Cells?
* Antigen presenting cell * First line of defence * Presents antigen to T lymphocytes
68
Where in the skin is the merkel cell located? What is its fucntion?
Epidermis –Stratum basale Sensory perception?
69
Where in the skin are mast cells located? What do they produce?
Dermis Secrete Histamines
70
Describe the 3 types of wound types
* Superficial – epidermis * Partial thickness – epidermis and dermis * Full thickness – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
71
List the 3 phases of wound healing
1. Inflammation 2. Proliferation 3. Maturation
72
Describe the inflammatory pahse of wound healing
Phase 1- Time: 0-15 mins Process: Homeostasis and clot formation occurs Visbisble effect: this casuing blanching on the skin Cells: Endothelial cells and platelets are responsible ECM component (only for clot formation): Fibrin and Fibronectin Key regulating mediators: Epinephrin, prostoglandis and thromboxanes Thrombin for clot formation Phase 2 Time: 16-6 days Process: Inflammation Visible change: Erythema, heat, pain, swelling Cells: Endothelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells ECM: provisional fibrin based matrix Key regulators: SNS, Histamin, Leukotrins, thrombin, complement proetins, IL8, IL-6
73
How long does the proliferation phase of healing last?
2days- several weeks
74
How long does the maturation phase of wound healing last?
4 days- indefinate
75
What is the defintion of a chronic wound? Give 3 causes
•Chronic wounds (not healed \>6 wks) –Venous, pressure, diabetic ulcer
76
What can develop when a wound over heals?
Keloids

Locomotor Y2 (8 decks)

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