Intro to Sociology: Units A-5 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Sociology
A
the science behind society
2
Q
Social Facts
A
products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exists externally to any individual
3
Q
Who coined the phrase “social facts” in 1895?
A
Emile Durkheim
4
Q
Data
A
Systematically collected sets of empirical observations
5
Q
Research Questions
A
queries about the world that can be answered empirically
6
Q
Sociological Research Methods
A
scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts
7
Q
Qualitative Research Methods
A
tools of sociological inquiry that involve careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data
8
Q
Quantitative Research Methods
A
tools of sociological inquiry that involve examining numerical data with mathematics
9
Q
Sociological Sympathy
A
the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves
10
Q
Research Ethics
A
the set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry
11
Q
What principles guide empirical inquiry?
A
respect, justice, and beneficence
12
Q
Sociological Theory
A
empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts
13
Q
Social Patterns
A
explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live
14
Q
Standpoints
A
points of view grounded in lived reality
15
Q
Public Sociology
A
the work of using sociological theory to make societies better
16
Q
Sociological Imagination
A
the capacity to consider how people’s lives- including our own- are shaped by the social facts that surround us
17
Q
Theory of Mind
A
the recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realizations that we can try to imagine others’ mental states
18
Q
Looking-Glass Self
A
that self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us
19
Q
In-Depth Interview
A
a research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject
20
Q
Coding
A
a process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant categories
21
Q
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A
a phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn’t originally true
22
Q
Laboratory Experiment
A
a research method that involves a test of hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions
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Q
Variable
A
any measurable phenomenon that varies
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Q
Experimental Group
A
the group in a laboratory experiment that undergoes the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable
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Control Group
the group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable
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Casual Claims
assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable
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Correlational Claims
assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable but not in a way that can be proven causal
28
Self-Narrative
a story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves
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Culture
differences in groups' shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas
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Socialization
the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures
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Culturally Competent
able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease
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Social Construct
an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space
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Social Construction
the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them
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Type of Constructs: Signifiers
things that stand for other things (ex: emoji)
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Type of Constructs: Categories
subsets of things that we believe are sufficiently similar to one another to be considered the same (ex: "pets" are a subset of animals)
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Types of Constructs: Binaries
categories we see as opposites or otherwise in opposition (ex: good and evil)
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Type of Constructs: Associations
ideas that have nothing special in common except for the fact that they're connected by a third idea (ex: rainbows and flags= LGBTQ+ Pride)
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Type of Constructs: Sequences
ideas arranged into a specific chronological order (ex: outline, draft, edit)
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Types of Constructs: Hierarchies
ideas places into ranked relationships (ex: young is better than old)
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Symbolic Structure
a constellation of social constructs connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning
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Beliefs
ideas about what is true and false
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Values
notions as to what's right and wrong
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Norms
shared expectations for behavior
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7 Agents of Socialization
Families, Schools, Peers, Religion, Mass Media, Work, and Military
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Interpersonal Socialization
active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures
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Subcultures
subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies
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Self-Socialization
active efforts we make to ensure we're culturally competent members of our cultures
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Social Ties
the connections between us and other people
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Social Networks
webs of ties that link us to each other and, through other people's ties, to people to whom we're not directly linked
50
Social Media
social networks mediated by the internet
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Homophily
our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us
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Social Network Analysis
a research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them
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Mass Media
mediated communication intended to reach not just one or a handful of people but many
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Media Socialization
the process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media
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Embodied
physically present and detectable in the body itself
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Biosocial Research Methods
tools of sociological inquiry that investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones
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Culture-as-Value Thesis
the idea that we're socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong
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Culture-as-Rationale Thesis
the idea that we're socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong
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Ethnocentrism
the practice of assuming that one's own culture is superior to the culture of others
60
Cultural Relativism
the practice of noting that differences between cultures without passing judgment
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Social Indentities
the socially constructed categories and subcategories in which we place ourselves or are places by others
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Distinction
active efforts to affirm identity categories and place ourselves and others into their subcategories
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Positive Distinction
the claim that members of our own group are superior to members of other groups
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In-Group Bias
preferential treatment of members of our own group and mistreatment of others
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Minimal Group Paradigm
the tendency of people to form groups and actively distinguish themselves from others for the most trivial of reasons
66
What are the 5 steps to socially construct and identity?
1. Invent- establishing a human feature as a basis of identity
2. Divide- deciding what will differentiate people within identity subcategories
3. Stereotype- giving identity subcategories different symbolic meanings
4. Perform- doing social identities in accordance with stereotypes
5. Rank- elevating some identity subcategories over others
67
Social Identity Theory
the idea that people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group membership into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize positive distinction and in-group success
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Sexual Minorites
people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or otherwise non-heterosexual
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Race
a socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagined biological differences
70
Psychological Wage
a noneconomic good given to one group as a measure of superiority over other groups
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One-Drop Rule
the idea that anyone with any trace of Black ancestry should be considered Black
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Blood Quantum Rule
a law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have a least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry
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Ethnicity
an identity based on collective memories of a shared history and distinctive culture
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Gender
the ideas, traits, interests, and skills that we associate with being biologically male or female
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Sex
a reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction
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Gender Binary
the idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine and females who are feminine
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Intersex
people with physical characteristics typical of both people assigned male and people assigned female at birth
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Cisgender
people who are assigned male at birth who identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women
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Transgender
people assigned male at birth who don't identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women
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Nonbinary
people who identify as both man and woman or neither man nor woman
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Stereotype
clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identites
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Content Analysis
a research method that involves counting and describing patterns of themes in media
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Doing Identity
the active performance of social identities
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Consumption
the use of wages to purchase goods and services
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Conspicuous Consumption
spending elaborately on items and services with the sole purposes of displaying one's wealth
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Stigma
a personal attribute that is widely devalued by members of one's society
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Controlling Images
pervasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify or uphold inequality
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Prejudice
attitudinal bias against individuals based on their membership in a social group
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Status
high or low esteem
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Status Beliefs
collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more or less deserving of esteem
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Computational Sociology
a research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data
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Status Elite
people who carry many positively regarded social identities
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Intersectionality
the recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities
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Social Interaction
moments we share with other people
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Social Rules
culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior
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Folkways
loosely enforced norms
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Mores
tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance
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Taboos
social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening
99
Policies
rules that are made and enforced by organizations
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Laws
rules that are made and enforced by cities, states, or federal governments
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Social Sanctions
reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity
102
Account
an excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right
103
Symbolic Interactionalism
the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality
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Dramturgy
the practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we're actors on metaphorical stages
105
Impression Management
efforts to control how we're perceived by others
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Face
a version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting
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Front Stage
a public space in which we are aware of having an audience
108
Back Stage
private or semiprivate spaces in which we can relax or rehearse
109
Interpersonal Discrimination
prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals
110
Field Experiment
a type of experiment that involves a test of hypothesis outside the laboratory
111
Ethnomethodology
research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions
112
Breaching
purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond
113
Deviance
behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions
114
Strain Theory
the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them
115
Differential Association Theory
the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks
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Social Disorganization Theory
the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods
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Concentrated Poverty
a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line
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Neutralization Theory
the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking
119
Labeling
the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual
120
Labeling Theory
a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior
121
Primary Deviance
the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label
122
Secondary Deviance
further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label
123
Structural Functionalism
the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability
124
Collective Conscience
a society's shared understanding of right and wrong
125
Anomie
widespread normlessness or a weakening of or alienations from social rules
126
Survey Research
a research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data
127
Sample
the subset of the population from which data will be collected
128
Generalizable
a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just the sample itself
129
Conflict Theory
the idea that societies aren't characterized by shared interests but competing ones
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Social Inequality
a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities
131
Historical Sociology
a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events, with the aim of enhancing sociological theory
