Intro to spine

Question 0

secondary curves of the spine

Answer 0

cervical and lumbar

anterior convexity

Question 1

Primary curves of spine

Answer 1

thoracic and sacral

posteriorly convexity

Question 2

what are the functions of the pedicles

Answer 2

transmit tension and bending forces

Question 3

intervetebral disc function

Answer 3

increase motion
transmit load
made up of nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, vertebral end plate

Question 4

intervetebral disc cartilaginous end plate

Answer 4

strongly attached to annulus
hyaline cartilage close to vertebral body
fibrocartilage close to disc

Question 5

nucleus pulpsus

Answer 5

70 - 90 % H2O
primarily type II collagen resist compression
distributes load to entire disc
deforms when compressed walls stretch

Question 6

Annulus fibrosus

Answer 6

type I collagen in outer portion
resists tensile forces
attachs end plates via sharpy fibers each layer perpindicular
oriented diagonally

Question 7

disc ratio

Answer 7

disc thickness over body height

Greater the ratio the greater movement

Question 8

intervetebral disc nutrition

Answer 8

no blood supple from major artery
nutrients via diffusion
capillary plexus in base of end plate to outer layer

Question 9

6 degrees of freedom

Answer 9

gliding
distraction/compression
AP translation
lateral tilt
rotation
AP tilt

Question 10

zygpopphyseal articulations cervical limits

Answer 10

limit rotation and side bending

Question 11

zygpopphyseal articulations thoracic

Answer 11

strongest at junctions due to joint stress

Question 12

zygpopphyseal articulations lumbar limits

Answer 12

limits rotation and lateral flexion

Question 13

coupling motions

Answer 13

rotation and lateral flexion occur together

one motion around an axis with another motion around a different axis

Question 14

cervical kinematics

Answer 14

side bending and rotation to the same side

Question 15

thoracic and lumbar kinematics

Answer 15

side bending and rotation opposite side

Flexion-sb- and rotation to same side

Question 16

kinematic motions dependent on

Answer 16

facet orientation
ligament function
muscle limitation
size of disc 
larger the disc to body ration the more movement

Question 17

Motion Flexion

Answer 17

anterior glide tilt
foramen size increases
spinous process separate
ant annulus compress
posterior annulus stretches

Question 18

motion extension

Answer 18

posterior tilting and gliding
foramen narrow
spinous process aproximate
anterior  annulus stretch
post annulus compress

Question 19

lateral flexion

Answer 19

lateral tilts, rotates and translates
foramen narrow in ipsilateral side
foramen widen on contralateral side
annulus compressed on concave side
annulus stretches on convex side

Question 20

rotation motion

Answer 20

depends on facet orientations

annulus rotation limits rotation

Question 21

compressions

Answer 21

facets joints 0 - 33%

load transmitted through vertabrae

Question 22

nucleus pulposus

Answer 22

tried to expand outward
fluid released in compression
fluid absorbed with distraction