Intro to Staining Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
The process of applying dyes on the sections
A
Staining
2
Q
Dye for acidic tissues
A
Basic dye
3
Q
Dye of basic tissues
A
Acidic dye
4
Q
3 Classifications of Staining according to purpose
A
Histological
Histochemical
Immunohistochemical
5
Q
Classifications of Staining according to purpose:
Direct interaction between the composition of the tissues and the stain solution being used in the process
A
Histological Staining
6
Q
Classifications of Staining according to purpose:
Looks for a specific structure of the tissue by applying dye through a chemical reaction
A
Histochemical Staining
7
Q
Classifications of Staining according to purpose:
Combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques allowing to look for phenotypic markers onto the tissues
A
Immunohistochemical Staining
8
Q
What are the 10 methods of staining
A
Direct
Indirect
Progressive
Regressive
Microanatomical
Metachromatic
Counterstaining
Metallic Impregnation
Vital
Intravital
9
Q
Method of Staining:
- no other process involved
- sections are stained with simple Aqueous or Alcoholic Solutions
A
Direct Staining
10
Q
Examples of dyes for Direct Staining
A
Methylene Blue
Eosin
11
Q
Method of Staining:
Involves usage of Mordant in order for the stain to interact or stay on the tissue
A
Indirect Staining
12
Q
Link or Bridge between the tissue and dye
A
Mordant
13
Q
Examples of Mordants
A
Potassium Alum
Iron
14
Q
Can accelerate the speed of staining in Indirect Staining
A
Accentuator
15
Q
Example of Accentuators
A
Potassium hydroxide
Phenol
16
Q
Method of Staining:
Follows a definite sequence of increasing concentrations
A
Progressive Staining
17
Q
Usual results of Progressive staining
A
Dark under the microscope
18
Q
Method of Staining:
- Tissue is first overstained then decolorized
- Decreasing concentrations
A
Regressive Staining
19
Q
Examples of Dyes for Regressive Staining
A
Gram’s Stain
Acid fast Staining
20
Q
Regressive staining dye for when you want to check the presence and size of the bacteria
A
Gram’s Stain
21
Q
What do you call a Circle bacteria
A
Cocci
22
Q
What do you call an Elongated bacteria
A
Basilli
23
Q
Regressive staining dye for when you want to look for the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
Acid fast staining
24
Q
Regressive Staining:
3 Classes of Differentiators
A
Acid
Oxidizing
Mordant
25
3 Classes of Differentiators:
Forms a soluble salt with the metal so that the latter is dissolved
Acid Differentiator
26
3 Classes of Differentiators:
Oxidizes the dye to a colorless subtance
Oxidizing Differentiator
27
Done to restain faded slides
Mordant Differentiation
28
Method of Staining:
Stains tissue with a color that is different from that of the stain itself
Metachromatic Staining
29
When Toluidine Blue dye is used on Mast cells, what color is exhibited?
Red Purple
30
When Cresyl Blue is used on Reticulocytes, what color is exhibited?
Blue Green
31
Method of Staining:
Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background staining
Counterstaining
32
Examples of Cytoplasmic Counterstains
Eosin Y
Picric Acid
Lissamine Green
33
Examples of Nuclear Counterstains
Neutral Red
Hematoxylin
Safranin O
34
Method of Staining:
General relationship of tissues and cells
Microanatomical Staining
35
Types of staining under Microanatomical Staining
Cytoplasmic
Negative
36
Type of Microanatomical Staining used for structures found in the cytoplasm and nucleus
Cytoplasmic Staining
37
Type of Microanatomical Staining used for bacterial morphology
Negative Staining
38
Method of Staining:
Demonstration of tissue elements by the use of metallic salts
Metallic Impregnation
39
Produces Opaque or Black deposits on the tissue
Metallic salts
40
When using metallic salts, the black deposits in the tissue is an indicator of what
Bacteria
41
Method of Staining:
Selective staining of living cells
Vital Staining
42
Stain used to selectively identify the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Trypan Blue
43
Stain used to selectively identify the Mitochondria
Janus Green
44
What does it mean when the Nucleus is not demonstrated after staining
Cell is already dead
45
Method of Staining:
Done by injecting the dye into any part of animal body
Intravital Staining
46
Dye used in Intravital staining to demonstrate the uterus in the gravid helminths in parasitology
India Ink
47
Examples of Dyes used in Intravital staining
Lithium
Carmine
India Ink
48
Method of Staining:
Stains living cells immediately after removing from the body
Supravital Staining
49
Examples of dyes used in Supravital Staining
Methylene Blue
Neutral Red
Janus Green
Trypan Blue
50
Stains are prepared from what 2 categories of dyes?
Natural
Synthetic
51
Examples of Natural Dyes
Hematoxylin
Cochineal Dyes
Orcen
Saffron
52
Example of Synthetic Dye
Aniline Dye/Coal Tar Dye
53
Hematoxylin is derived from what
Heartwood of the Hematoxylin Campechianium (A mexican tree)
54
Most valuable stain used
Hematoxylin
55
The active coloring agent found in Hematoxylin
Hematin
56
What does hematin need to undergo for Hematoxylin to be considered as a stain
Oxidation/Ripening
57
Hematin can be Oxidized/Ripened through exposure to?
Air/Sunlight
Oxidizing Agents
58
How long does it take for Hematin to be oxidized when exposed to air or sunlight
3 - 4 months
59
Types of Hematoxylin
Alum
Copper
Iron
60
Type of Hematoxylin used for progressive staining
Alum Hematoxylin
61
Type of Hematoxylin used for differential or regressive staining
Iron Hematoxylin
62
Type of Hematoxylin used for the process of spermatogenesis
Copper Hematoxylin
63
Cochineal dyes are derived from where
Female Coccus Cacti (Cochineal bug)
64
When cochineal dyes are treated with Alum, it will now be termed as?
Carmine
65
Carmine w/ Picric Acid is used where
Neuropatholigcal Studies
66
Carmine w/ Aluminum Chloride is used where
Glycogen Demonstration
67
Considered as the best Carmine stain
Carmine w/ Aluminum Chloride
68
Orcein dyes are derived from where
Lichens
69
Dye that is mainly used only as an indicator
Orcein Dyes
70
Aniline dyes are derived from where
Hydrocarbon benzene
71
What does Aniline Dye need to bind to for it to show color
Substrate
72
Gives color to the Aniline dye
Chromogens
73
Retain the color in Aniline dyes
Auxochrome
74
A combination of Chromogen and Auxochrome plus a substrate will create what
Chromophores
75
Allows the Aniline dye to appear in the tissue
Chromophores
76
According to Location of Chromophore:
Base of Acid dye
Sodium
77
According to Location of Chromophore:
Base for Basic dye
HCl
78
Hematoxylin Solution used for Regressive Staining
Ehrlich's Hematoxylin
79
Staining time for Ehrlich's Hematoxylin
15-40mins
80
Hematoxylin Solution used for Routine nuclear staining
Harris Hematoxylin
81
Staining time for Harris Hematoxylin
5-20mins
82
Hematoxylin Solution used for Routine Purposes
Coles Hematoxylin
83
Staining time for Coles Hematoxylin
10mins
84
Hematoxylin Solution used for identifying Mucopolysaccharides and for Nuclear Staining
Mayer's Hematoxylin
85
Iron Hematoxylin Solution recommended for when the preceding stains contain acid
Weigert's Hematoxylin Solution
86
Iron Hematoxylin Solution recommended for regressive staining of thin sections
Heidenhain's Hematoxylin
87
When using Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin on Nuclei, Fibrin, Muscle striations, Myofibrils, and Fibroglia, what color is exhibited
Blue
88
When using Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin on Collagen, Bone, and Cartilages, what color is exhibited
Orange-Red or Brownish Red to Deep Red Stain
89
Staining time for Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin
12-24hrs
90
Counterstain used after Hematoxylin and before Methylene Blue
Eosin
91
Eosin B will impart what color
Deeper Red
92
Eosin Y will impart what color
Green Yellow fluoresence
93
Other Stains Used:
- basic nuclear stain
- for diagnosis of Diphtheria
Methylene Blue
94
Other Stains Used:
Methylene blue heated with fixed alkali/alkali carbonate
Methyl Violet
95
Other Stains Used:
- substitute for Thionine in FFT
- for Nissl granules
Toluidine Blue
96
Other Stains Used:
- Amyloid in FFT
- For hematology
Crystal Violet
97
Other Stains Used:
- for Counterstaining of epithelial sections
Aniline Blue
98
Other Stains Used:
plasma stain for acid-fast organism
Basic Fuchsin
99
Other Stains Used:
- for Ascaric Eggs and Erythrocytes
- Both decolorizer and counterstain
Malachite Green
100
Other Stains Used:
Contrast stain for Gram's Staining
Bismarck Brown
101
Other Stains Used:
Utilized for manufacture of paints
Prussian Blue
102
Other Stains Used:
For Acid mucopolysaccharide
Alcian blue
103
Other Stains Used:
for embryos
Congo Red
104
Other Stains Used:
Substitute for Carbole Fuchsin
Night Blue
105
Used to stain lipids or fats
Lysochromes
106
Types of Lysochromes
Sudan Black
Sudan IV
Sudan III
107
Lyschrome for Phospholipids & Neutral Lipids
Sudan Black
108
Identify the Lysochrome:
0.5% solution boiled in 70% Ethanol
Sudan Black
109
Lysochome used for Neutral Lipids Only
Sudan IV
110
Identify the Lysochrome:
2% Benzoic acid in 70% Alcohol
Sudan IV
111
Lysochrome used as Fat stain for CNS
Sudan III
112
Chief solvents used for Stains
Water
Alcohol
Aniline Water
Phenol
113
Coplin jar holding capacity
5-9 slides
114
Slotted staining dishes holding capacity
5-19 slides
115
Metal/Glass Staining Rack/Carriers holding capacity
10-30 slides
116
Recommended storage time of sections
10yrs
117
RI of Glass
1.518
118
Mounting Media groups
Aqueous
Resinous
119
Types of Aqueous Media
Water
Glycerin Jelly
Gum Arabic
Apathy's Medium
120
RI of Glycerin Jelly
1.47
121
RI of Gum Arabic
1.43
122
RI of Apathy's Medium
1.52
123
Types of Resinous Media
Canada Balsam
DPX
Xam
Permount
Clarite
124
RI of Canada Balsam
1.524
125
RI of DPX
1.532
126
RI of Xam
1.520
127
RI of Permount
1.518
128
RI of Clarite
1.544
129
Difficulties encountered during mounting
Cloudy or Milky due to improper dehydration
Small bubbles
Setting may be hastened in a hot oven
130
Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape fluid
Ringing
131
Mordant Differentiator:
If primary stain is basic, what should be the characteristic of the Decolorizer
Acidic
132
Mordant Differentiator:
If primary stain is acidic, what should be the characteristic of the Decolorizer
Basic
133
Orcein Dyes are usually colorless, but when treated with Ammonia or Exposed to air, it will express what color?
Blue or Violet
