Intro to the Human Body Flashcards by Pamela Carvajal

Human Anatomy

Is the study of the body structure. Means to cut or cutting backwards ( putting things together from slices)

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Human Physiology

Is the science of body functions. Including the study of homeostasis. ( keeping the organs systems of the body in balance)

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Surface Anatomy

Is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpating ( without any cutting)

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Gross anatomy

Is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking in the prior picture, the gross dissection proceeds through cutting.

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Systemic Anatomy

Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones at once

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Regional Anatomy

All anatomical structures of a specific region ( the thorax, or the head and neck) are all studied together.

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Developmental anatomy

Is the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form

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Embryology

Is a subcategory of developmental anatomy ( conception to 8th week of gestation)

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Histology

Is the study of tissues

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Cytology

The study of cellular strutures

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Pathology

Is the study of anatomical changes due to disease

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Autopsy

Is a postmortem (after death) examination of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist.

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An autopsy is usually done to:

Determine the cause of death
Identify diseases not detected during life
Determine the extent of injuries and contribution to death
Identify hereditary conditions

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Cells

Are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

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Tissues

Are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

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What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nerves

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Organs

Are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues ( all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented)

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Organ System

Consists of related organs with a common function.
There are 11 organ systems in the body.

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Organism

Consists of a collection of organ systems. Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

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Homeostasis

All parts of the body must be functioning together in a process

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Metabolism

Is the sum of all catabolic ( breaking down and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body.

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Responsiveness

Is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or a threat

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above, top, toward head

superior

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below, bottom, away from head

inferior

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Toward the front

Anterior(ventral)

Toward the back

Posterior(Dorsal)

Toward the midline

Medial

Away from midline & body. (sides)

Lateral

Between medial and lateral

Intermediate

Nearest to the origination

Proximal

Farther from origination

Distal

Same side of the body

Ipsilateral

Opposite side of the body

Contralateral

Towards the surface

Superficial

Towards the core of the body

Deep

Pertaining to a covering over an organ

Visceral

Pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall

Parietal

Midline

Sagittal

Horizontal

Transverse

Coronal

Frontal

is any motion, including movement of tiny subcellular structures , or movement inside cells or organs.

Movement

Involves an increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both.

Growth

Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.

Differentiation

Is the formation of new cells( growth, repair, or replacement) or the production of a new individual.

Reproduction

A condition of ______ (balance) in the body’s internal environment.

Equilibrium

_____ are defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell.

Body fluids

____ is the fluid within cells.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

_____ is the fluid outside cells.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

____ Is ECF between cells and tissues

Interstitial Fluid

____ is the ECF within blood vessels.

Blood Plasma

____ is the ECF within lymphatic vessels.

Lymph

_____ is the ECF in the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

_____ is the ECF in joints.

Synovial joints

____ is the ECF in eyes.

Aqueous Humor

____ is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition (such as body temperature) and sends input to the control center.

Receptor

The ____ sets the range of values to be maintained- usually this is done by the brain.

Control Center

The _______ receives output from control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Effector

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

Negative Feedback systems

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. For example: Childbirth or heavy bleed outs.

Positive Feedback systems

Skull

Cranial

Neck

Cervical

Elbow

Cubital

Wrist

Carpal

Front of knee

Patellar

Eye

Orbital

Chest

Thoracic

Groin

Inguinal

Hand/palm

Metacarpal

Sole of foot

Plantar

Cheek

Buccal

Armpit

Axillary

Thigh

Femoral

Buttock

Gluteal

Ankle

Tarsal

Toes or fingers

Digital or phalangeal

It divides the body into two equal

Midsagittal plane

To the right and left of the midsagittal that divide the body into unequal halves.

Parasagittal planes

Pass through the body or organ at an angle.

Oblique planes

The brain and spinal cord develop

Dorsal cavity

The remaining body organs are found

Ventral body cavity

_____ is formed by the cranial bones. Protects the brain.

Cranial cavity

____ is formed by bones and vertebral column. Contains the spinal cord.

Vertebral Canal

Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

Meninges

_____ is formed by the sternum, ribs, and the thoracic portion of the bony vertebral column.

Thoracic Cavity

Consists of the skin and related structures (hair, nails, and glands. Protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates wastes though sweat and other sections.

Integumentary System

Consists of the bones and joints. Provides protection and support. Houses cells that will become red blood cells, and platelets.

Skeletal

Consists of the named skeletal muscles, as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Participates with the skeletal system to facilitate movement and maintain posture. Generates the heat necessary for warm- blooded organisms to maintain a constant body temp.

Muscular System

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses.

Nervous System

Consists of hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body. Regulates the body through chemical mechanisms ( by releasing hormones into the blood)

Endocrine System

Consists of the heart, blood, blood vessels. Carries blood and nutrients to specific locations. Regulates body temperature, and water balance

Cardiovascular

Consists of the lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes and the other associated organs of the immune system like the tonsils, spleen and thymus gland. Transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system. Filters blood and protects against disease.

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Consists of the upper airways, the trachea and major bronchi and the lungs. Extracts Oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide. Regulates acid/base balance

Respiratory System

Consists of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, and the accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder. Accomplishes the physical and chemical breakdown of food and elimination of waste.

Digestive System

Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Involved in the collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and the regulation of fluid, electrolyte & acid/ base balance

Urinary System

Consists of the ovaries , uterus and vagina in the female, and the testes and penis in the male. Reproduction

Reproductive System

Located within the middle part of the mediastinal cavity in the thoracic cavity. Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

Pericardial Cavity

Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines.

Abdominal cavity

Contains the urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine.

Pelvic cavity

Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

(98 cards)