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Anatomy and Physiology > Intro to the Human Body > Flashcards

Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Human Anatomy

A

Study of body structure

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2
Q

Human Physiology

A

Study of body functions- includes homeostasis (maintaining equilibrium in the body)

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3
Q

Where do we see that structure mirrors function? (Examples)

A
  1. Bones of the skull are heavy and secure to protect brain function
  2. The thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of gases from the lungs to the blood
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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of the body surface (the outside of the body)

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of anatomical structures (inside the body)
1. Systemic approach- the study of a general catagory (blood vessels, muscles, bones…)
2. Regional approach- all anatomical structures of a specific region

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6
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Study of the development of a fertilized egg
Embryology- a subcategory (conception- 8th week of gestation)

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7
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cellular structures

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9
Q

Pathology

A

Study of anatomical changes due to disease
Pathologists use gross inspection, cytologic, histologic, and lab examinations to discover the source of the disease

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10
Q

Autopsy

A

Postmortem exam of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist
Done to determine cause of death, identify undetected diseases, determine extent of injuries, identify hereditary conditions

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11
Q

Levels of organization

A

Atom —> molecule —> cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism

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12
Q

Cells

A

Basic structure and functional unit of an organism

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13
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that work together to perform a similar function
1. Epithelium
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle
4. Nerves

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14
Q

Organs

A

Structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (most have all 4)
Organs have specific functions and recognizable shapes

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15
Q

Organ system

A

Related organs with a common function
There are 11 organ systems in the body

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16
Q

Organism

A

A collection of organ systems- they all function together to create homeostasis

6 life processes:
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body

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18
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Ex: decrease in body temp, responding to sound, nerve signals, muscle contractions…

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19
Q

Movement

A

Any motion including inside cells and organs

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20
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both

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21
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state
Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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22
Q

Reproduction

A

The formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) or the production of a new individual

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

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24
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid within cells

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25
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside cells
26
Interstitial fluid
ECF between cells and tissues Cell function depends on the regulation and composition of interstitial fluid Composition changes as substances move between plasma and the fluid Movement across capillary walls provides nutrients to tissue cells and removes waste
27
Examples of ECF
Blood plasma- within blood vessels Lymph- within lymphatic vessels Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- in the brain and spinal cord Synovial fluid- in joints Aqueous humor- in eyes
28
Threats to homeostasis
Physical insults (intense heat, lack of oxygen…) Changes in internal environment (drop in blood glucose due to lack of food) Physiological stress
29
Basic components of the feedback system
Receptor Control center Effector
30
Basic components of the feedback system
Receptor Control center Effector
31
Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition Ex: regulation of blood pressure
32
Positive feedback system
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Ex: normal child birth
33
What do you use to diagnose a disease?
Signs and symptoms Medical history Physical examination
34
Integumentary system
Structure: skin and related structures (hair, nails, glands) Function: protects body, regulates temp, and eliminates wastes through sweat and other secretions
35
Skeletal system
Structure: bones and joints Function: provides protection and support, houses cells that will become RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
36
Muscular system
Structure: named skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle Function: participates with the skeletal system to facilitate movement and maintain posture, generates the heat necessary for warm-blooded organisms to maintain a constant body temp
37
Nervous system
Structure: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs Function: senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses
38
Endocrine system
Structure: hormone-producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body Function: regulates the body through chemical mechanisms (by releasing hormones into the blood)
39
Cardiovascular system
Structure: heart, blood, and blood vessels Function: carries blood and nutrients to specific locations, regulates body temp and water balance
40
Lymphatic system and Immunity
Structure: lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and other organs associated with the immune system (tonsils, spleen, thymus gland) Function: transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system, filters blood and protects against disease
41
Respiratory system
Structure: upper airways, trachea, major bronchi, and lungs Function: extracts oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide, regulates acid/base balance with help from the kidneys
42
Digestive system
Structure: esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder) Function: physically and chemically break down food and eliminate waste
43
Urinary system
Structure: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Function: involved in the collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and the regulation of fluid, electrolytes, and acid/base balance
44
Reproductive system
Structure: female- ovaries, uterus, vagina male- testes, penis Function: reproduction of an individual or organism
45
Anatomical position
The subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward
46
Superior
Above, top, toward head
47
Inferior
Below, bottom, away from head
48
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the front
49
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward the back
50
Medial
Toward the midline
51
Lateral
Away from midline
52
Intermediate
Between the medial and lateral
53
Proximal
Nearest to the origination
54
Distal
Farther from origination
55
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body (right arm and right leg)
56
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body (right arm and left leg)
57
Superficial
Towards the surface
58
Deep
Towards the core of the body
59
Visceral
Pertaining to a covering over an organ
60
Parietal
Pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall
61
Cranial
Skull
62
Cervical
Neck
63
Cubital
Elbow
64
Carpal
Wrist
65
Patellar
Front of knee
66
Orbital
Eye
67
Thoracic
Chest
68
Inguinal
Groin
69
Metacarpal
Hand/palm
70
Plantar
Sole of foot
71
Buccal
Cheek
72
Axillary
Armpit
73
Femoral
Thigh
74
Gluteal
Buttock
75
Tarsal
Ankle
76
Digital or Phalangeal
Toes or Fingers
77
Sagittal body plane
Divide the body into right and left sides There’s only one midsagittal plane (midline) that divides the body into equal halves Parasagittal planes to the right and left of the midsagittal plane divide the body into unequal “halves”
78
Frontal or coronal planes
Divide the body (or an organ) into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
79
Transverse planes (also called cross-sectional or horizontal planes)
Divide the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
80
Oblique planes
A division that passes through the body at an angle
81
What two major body cavities do human organs develop within?
1. Dorsal cavity (brain and spinal cord) 2. Ventral body cavity (everything else)
82
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains (and protects) brain
83
Vertebral canal
Formed by bones of vertebral column and contains spinal cord
84
Meninges
Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral column
85
Thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
Formed by the sternum, ribs, and thoracic portion of the bony vertebral column Stabilized by the internal and external muscles of the chest
86
Mediastinal cavity
Located in the central part of the thoracic cavity
87
Pleural cavities
Contained within the thoracic cavity Two fluid filled spaces that surround each lung
88
Pericardial cavity
Located within the middle part of the mediastinal cavity in the thoracic cavity Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
89
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from diaphragm to groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis 1. Abdominal cavity- stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, intestines 2. Pelvic cavity- urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine
90
Pleural membrane
Serous membranes that cover the lungs (visceral pleura) and walls of the pleural cavity (parietal pleural)
91
Pericardial membrane
Serous membrane that covers the heart (visceral pericardium) and the pericardial cavity walls (parietal pericardium)
92
Peritoneal membrane
Serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum) and the abdominal cavity walls (parietal peritoneum)
93
Oral cavity (mouth)
Tongue and teeth
94
Nasal cavity
Part of the upper airways
95
Orbital cavities
Eyeballs, and various nerves and blood vessels
96
Middle ear cavities
Small bones of the middle ear
97
Synovial cavities
Found in freely moveable joints (like the large joints of the shoulder and hip)
98
Organs in the cranial cavity
Cranium: Brain Vertebral canal: Spinal cord
99
Organs/structures in the thoracic cavity
Pleural: lungs Mediastinum: thymus, esophagus, trachea, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta Pericardial: heart
100
Organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdomen: stomach, liver, intestines, Retroperitoneal: kidneys Pelvic: urinary bladder, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, testes
101
Diaphragm
A powerful skeletal muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen
102
4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Vertical and horizontal lines pass thru the umbilicus (belly button) 1. RUQ- liver 2. LUQ- spleen and left kidney 3. RLQ- appendix 4. LLQ- left ovary
103
9 abdominopelvic regions
Like a tic tac toe board Top row: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac Middle row: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar Bottom row: right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
104
Noninvasive diagnostic techniques
Palpation- gently touching body surfaces with hands Auscultation- listening to body sounds Percussion- tapping on the body surfaces with fingertips and listening to echoes

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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