Intro To The Human Body Flashcards by Rebecca Hartman

The science of body structures and the relationship among them.

Anatomy

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The science of body functions and how the body parts work.

Physiology

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What are the six levels of structural organization?

) Chemical Level- ex:atoms
)Cellular Level- smooth muscle cell
) Tissue Level- smooth muscle tissue
) Organ Level-stomach
) System Level- Digestive system
) Organismal Level-individual

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What are the 6 basic life processes that separate living things from non living things?

) Metabolism
) Responsiveness
) Movement
) Growth
)Differentiation
) Reproduction

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The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body.

Homeostasis

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Fluid within cells, abbreviated ICF.

Intracellular fluid

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Fluid outside of the body cells, ECF.

Extracellular Fluid

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The ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissue.

Interstitial fluid

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ECF within blood vessels

Blood plasma

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ECF within lymphatic vessels.

Lymph

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ECF around the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid

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ECF in joints.

Synovial fluid

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ECF in the eyes.

Aqueous humor

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Smallest blood vessels in the body.

Blood capillaries

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The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as…

Nerve impulses (action potentials)

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A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated..

Feedback system (feedback loop)

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A monitored variable

Controlled condition

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A disruption to the controlled condition is called a

Stimulus

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3 basic components of a Feedback System:

)receptor - body structure that monitors any change and sends input to a control center
) control center- the brain. Evaluates input and sends output for responses. The Efferent Pathway-output flowing from the control center.
)Effector- body structure that receives output from control center and generates response to change the condition

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System that reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Ex: BP rising, receptors send signal to brain(control center), thus sending output to the heart and blood vessels (effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate which causes the response to decrease BP.

Negative Feedback System

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System that strengthens and reinforces the change in the body’s controlled condition.

Ex: childbirth and labor..continuing contractions.

Positive Feedback

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An abnormality of structure or function.

Disorder

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More specific term for an illness characterized by a set of signs and symptoms.

Disease

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A disease that effects one part of the body.

Ex: sinus infection

Local disease

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Disease that effects the entire body or multiple parts of it. Ex: influenza

Systemic disease

Subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Ex: nausea, headache, anxiety

Symptoms

Objective changes that can be observed. Ex: rash, swelling

Signs

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.

Epidemiology

Science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.

Pharmacology

The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.

Diagnosis

The position where the subject stands erect with feet on the floor, eyes forward, limbs at their side, palms facing forward.

Anatomical position

The position where the body is lying facedown.

Prone

Position where the body is lying faceup.

Supine

5 Regional names for the body:

1. ) head 2. ) neck 3. ) trunk 4. ) upper limbs 5. ) lower limbs

Consists of the skull and face.

Head aka. Cephalic region

Supports the head and connects to the trunk.

Neck AKA. Cervical region

Consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

Trunk

Attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand.

Upper limb

Attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh, groin,leg, ankle, and foot.

Lower limb

Words that describe of one body part relative to another.

Directional terms

Toward the upper part of the body. Ex: the heart is ___ to the liver.

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

Toward the lower part of the body. | Ex: the stomach is __ to the lungs.

Inferior (caudal)

Nearer to or at the front of the body. Ex: the sternum is ____to the heart.

Nearer to or at the back of the body. Ex: the esophagus is __ to the trachea.

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer to the midline. Ex: the ulna is __ to the radius

Medial

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.

Midline

Farther from the midline. Ex: the lungs are ____ to the heart.

Lateral

Between two structures. | Ex: the transverse colon is ___ (between) to the ascending and descending colon.

Intermediate

On the same side of the body as another structure. Ex: the gallbladder and the ascending colon are ___.

Ipsilateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure. Ex: the ascending and descending colons are ____.

Contralateral

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure. Ex: the humerus is __ to the radius.

Proximal (above)

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure. Ex: the phalanges are __ to the carpals(wrist bones).

Distal (below?)

Toward or on the surface of the body. Ex. The ribs are ___ to the lungs.

Superficial

Away from the surface of the body. Ex: the ribs are ___ to the skin of the chest and back.

Deep

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

Planes

Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

Sagital plane

When a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

Midsagital plane or aka median plane.

When the plane divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides.

Parasagital plane

Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Frontal plane/coronal plane

Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Transverse plane. | AKA cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes.

Section

Spaces that enclose internal organs.

Body cavities

Hollow space in the head that contains the brain.

Cranial cavity

Canal that contains the spine.

Vertebral canal

Three layers of protective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

Meninges

Major cavities of the trunk.

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Cavity that is formed by the ribs, chest muscles, sternum, and some vertebrae..

Thoracic cavity

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

Pericardial cavity

Fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs

Pleural cavities

Central part of thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

Cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

Abdominal cavity

Cavity that contains the bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.

Pelvic cavity

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called

Viscera

A slippery, double layered membrane associated body cavities that does not directly open to the exterior. -covers viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.

Serous membrane

Parts of a serous membrane are

1) parietal layer- thin epithelium that lines the walls of cavities 2) visceral layer- a thin epithelium that adheres to the viscera within the cavities.

Serous membrane of the pleural cavities is..

Pleura.

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

Pericardium

Serous membrane of abdominal cavity

Peritoneum

Names of the 9 abdominopelvic regions.

- right hypochondriac - epigastric - left hypochondriac - right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar - right inguinal - hypogastric - left inguinal

Umbilicus

Belly button

Another way to separate the abdominopelvic cavity is by quadrants. Those 4 quadrants are:

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Conventional radiography

X-ray

Magnetic resonance imaging where the body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field.

MRI

CT stands for

Computed Tomography. Usually includes more detail than the average radiograph

CCTA scan

Coronary computed tomography angiography.

PET SCAN

Positron Emission Tomography. Uses positive particles to produce gamma rays that are picked up by gamma cameras.

The visual examination of the inside of the body using a lighted instruments with lenses called an endoscope.

Endoscopy

Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

(87 cards)