Intro to the Immune System Flashcards

(61 cards)

1
Q

How is active immunity conferred?

A

by host response to a microbe/ microbial ags

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2
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

sites of body that are exposed to external environment - close to blood vessels

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3
Q

What are extracellular microbes?

A

microbes that are able to survive outside human cells; can just grow by being immersed in nutrients

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4
Q

Where do T cells congregate in a lymph node?

A

in the center

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5
Q

What type of immunity do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

T helper cells also help b cells in humeral immunity

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6
Q

What do activated macrophages secrete to promote or regulate immune responses?

A

cytokines

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7
Q

What is the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

Ag-specific close of lymphocytes dev before and independent of exposure to Ag –> a lot of clones are generated during maturation = maximizes potential for recognizing diverse microbes –> Ags select certain clones –> response

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8
Q

What are tissue-resident macrophages and what do they do?

A
heterogeneous pop'n of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific functions:
homeostasis
immune surveillance
response to infection
resolution of inflammation
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9
Q

What do M cells do?

A

take antigens from lumen of mucosal tissue into peyer’s patch

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of dendritic cells?

A

myeloid DCs

plasmacytoid DCs

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11
Q

What do T cells turn into in tissue?

A

T lymphocytes

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12
Q

How are monocytes recruited?

A

inflammation –> monocytes move to tissue –> turn into macrophages

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13
Q

How is passive immunity conferred?

A

actually transfer antibodies or T lymphocytes for a disease to a person

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14
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is abundantly produced in mucosal tissues?

A

IgA

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15
Q

What are the phagocytic innate immune cells? (6)

A
basophils/mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils
monocytes/ macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells
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16
Q

What do T helper cells express to help B cell growth and differentiation?

A

CD4

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17
Q

Who is the father of humoral immunity?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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18
Q

What part of the immune system (adaptive or innate) does memory of Ag arise from?

A

adaptive immunity

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19
Q

What are the parts of innate immunity?

A
epithelial barriers
mast cells
phagocytes
dendritic cells
complement
NK and ILCs
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20
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

innate immune cells
antigen-presenting
stimulate T cells –> induce adaptive immunity

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21
Q

Where do B cells congregate in a lymph node?

A

on the periphery

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22
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

recognize Ags on Ag-presenting cells –> secrete cytokines –> other immune responses and inflammation

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23
Q

What is the most effective method of protection against infections?

A

vaccination

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24
Q

Where does the development and maturation of T cells occur?

A

thymus

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25
How many neutrophils are produced a day? | How long do they circulate in the blood and tissue?
1x10^11 neutrophils per day in blood for hours or a few days in tissue for 1-2 days
26
What type of phagocyte activates the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions?
neutrophil
27
What does a developing B cell come in contact with that is essential for its differentiation
stromal cells | cytokines: IL-1, Il-6, and IL-7
28
Production of neutrophils is stimulated by what cytokine?
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
29
Which part of the immune system (adaptive or innate) has more diversity in its cells and molecules?
adaptive immunity
30
What is the function of mast cells?
can regulate vascular permeability through heparin | can recruit effector cells through release of mediators
31
Where do mature T cells migrate?
secondary lymphoid tissues (spleen and lymph nodes?)
32
What is an antigen defined as?
any substance that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies
33
What are the parts of adaptive immunity?
B lymphoctes --> antibodies an plasma cells | T lymphocytes --> effector T cells
34
Where do B cells mature?
bone marrow
35
Where do langerhans cells go after picking up an antigen?
travel to skin draining lymph nodes to present antigen --> activates naive T lymphoctes to go and kill pathogens
36
What are the components of the induced adaptive/ highly specific response? When does it occur after an infection?
B cells, helper T cells, cytolytic T cells | occurs 96 hours after infection
37
What are the mobile elements of the immune system?
immune cells | soluble/ humoral components (antibodies, complement, acute phase proteins, etc)
38
What are the primary fixed elements of the immune system?
bone marrow | thymus
39
Where do CD4 T cells reside predominantly?
in the dermis
40
What do mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils function to do?
``` play roles in innate and adaptive immunity protect against helminthes function in allergic rxns ```
41
What is herd immunity?
when a high % of a population is vaccinated, it is difficult for infectious diseases that are also contagious to spread bc most ppl can't be infected
42
What are the components of the induced innate/ broadly specific response? When is this activated on the timeline of infection?
phagocytosis, complement activation, cytokine secretion, other inflammatory mechanisms 4 hours after infection
43
What does a basophil turn into in the tissue?
mast cell
44
What are the main things about the surface of skin that protect us from infection?
keratinocytes being sloughed off keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides microflora on skin
45
What are the secondary fixed elements of the immune system?
spleen and lymph nodes | mucosal immune tissues
46
What do B cells turn into in tissue?
plasma cells
47
What does a monocyte turn into in tissue?
macrophage
48
How do B lymphocytes work in humoral immunity?
B cells produce Abs --> recognize Ags, neutralize them, and target them for elimination
49
What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes express to recognize and kill viruses?
CD8
50
What is the goal of cellular immunity?
defense against intracellular microbes: kill infected host cells
51
How was the cellular theory of immunity proven?
in 1950s showed that resistance to an intracellular bacteria could be transferred with cells, but not with serum
52
What type of immunity do B cells do?
humoral immunity through immunoglobulins
53
What do regulatory T cells do/
suppress and prevent immune responses
54
What is clonal expansion?
property of adaptive immunity: can increase the number of Ag-specific lymphocytes to keep pace w/ microbes
55
What types of T cells are present in skin?
both CD4 T helper and CD8 cytotoxic
56
What are intracellular microbes?
germs that have to live and replicate within animal cells
57
What are the fixed elements of the immune system?
lymphoid organs (primary and secondary)
58
What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?
recognize Ags on infected cells and kill them
59
What are peyer's patches and where are they located?
discrete structure of immune cells in the lamina propria of the intestine/ mucosal immune sys
60
What happens to B cells that react w/ self-Ags?
eliminated by apoptosis
61
What type of immune cell is a langerhan's cell?
dendritic cell