intro to the nervous system

Question 1

what are some examples of neurobiology on a chemical level?

Answer 1

neurotransmitters, receptors, signaling pathways

Question 2

what are some examples of neurobiology on a cellular level?

Answer 2

neurons, glia, astrocytes

Question 3

what are some examples of neurobiology on a tissues level?

Answer 3

parenchyma, cerebral cortex

Question 4

what are some examples of neurobiology on an organs level?

Answer 4

brain, spinal cord

Question 5

what are some examples of neurobiology on an organ systems level?

Answer 5

nervous, endocrine

Question 6

what are the two categories of the nervous system?

Answer 6

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

Question 7

what makes up the CNS?

Answer 7

brain and spinal cord

Question 8

what two divisions make up the PNS?

Answer 8

sensory and motor division

Question 9

what two divisions make up the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 9

visceral sensory division and somatic sensory division

Question 10

what two divisions make up the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 10

visceral motor division and somatic motor division

Question 11

what two divisions make up the visceral motor division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 11

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Question 12

what do afferent signals do?

Answer 12

carries signals from receptors to CNS

Question 13

what is the integration center of the nervous system?

Answer 13

brain

Question 14

what do efferent signals do?

Answer 14

carries signals from the CNS to muscles and glands

Question 15

are afferent signals sensory or motor?

Answer 15

sensory

Question 16

are efferent signals sensory or motor?

Answer 16

motor

Question 17

where do somatic efferent signals go?

Answer 17

to skeletal muscle

Question 18

where do visceral efferent signals go?

Answer 18

to glands, or cardiac and smooth muscles

Question 19

what do sympathetic visceral efferent signals do?

Answer 19

arousal (increase heart rate, respiration, digestion)

Question 20

what do parasympathetic visceral efferent signals do?

Answer 20

calming (decrease heart rate, respiration, digestion)

Question 21

what are ganglia?

Answer 21

concentration of cell bodies

Question 22

what are dendrites?

Answer 22

the detectors. they receive messages from other cells and environment

Question 23

what is the cell body?

Answer 23

the cell’s life support center

Question 24

what is does an axon do?

Answer 24

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Question 25

what does the myelin sheath do?

Answer 25

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses (like insulation around a wire makes it more efficient and quicker)

Question 26

what is a neuron?

Answer 26

a cell that is able to generate its own electricity

Question 27

what are the three parts of cells?

Answer 27

conductive secretion excitability

Question 28

what is the propagation of action potentials?

Answer 28

conductive ex) sodium and potassium channels along the axon

Question 29

what is the release of neurotransmitter?

Answer 29

secretion ex) vesicle fusion to membrane at axon terminal

Question 30

what is the binding of neurotransmitter?

Answer 30

excitability ex) ligand gated channels and receptors at dendrites

Question 31

what is a synapse?

Answer 31

communication space between axon terminal and the dendrite

Question 32

T/F: the axon of one neuron touches the dendrite of the other?

Answer 32

False they rarely touch the space between is the synapse for neurotransmitters to be released

Question 33

how many neurotransmitters are there?

Answer 33

over a 100 that all work in different ways and match with different receptors

Question 34

what are the two types of receptors?

Answer 34

ion channels g protein coupled receptors

Question 35

what are ion channels?

Answer 35

transmembrane proteins that can form a pore in the cell membrane for fast chemical signaling

Question 36

what are g protein coupled receptors?

Answer 36

receptors involved in a slower cascade of signaling to intracellular proteins

Question 37

T/F: receptors will only bind a certain type of neurotransmitter

Answer 37

True- sometimes can bind other molecules that "modulate" the activity of the receptor

Question 38

light, heat, pressure, chemicals begin in organs and end in CNS

Answer 38

sensory neurons

Question 39

send signals to muscles and glands control contraction

Answer 39

motor neurons

Question 40

exclusively in the CNS comprise 90% of neurons integrate signals from multiple neurons to "make decisions" connect incoming sensory neurons and outgoing motor pathways

Answer 40

interneurons

Question 41

what are bipolar neurons?

Answer 41

have two processes (dendritic process and axon)

Question 42

where are bipolar neurons found?

Answer 42

in special sense organs between receptors and other neurons

Question 43

what are unipolar neurons?

Answer 43

fused dendrite and axon

Question 44

T/F: most motor neurons are unipolar

Answer 44

false- most sensory neurons are for general senses

Question 45

what are multipolar neurons?

Answer 45

two or more dendrites and single axon

Question 46

what is the most common neuron in CNS and all motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?

Answer 46

multipolar neurons

Question 47

where are proteins for neurons primarily made?

Answer 47

in the soma

Question 48

where do proteins for neurons need to go?

Answer 48

axon/dendrite

Question 49

where do proteins that need to be disposed go?

Answer 49

back to the soma from the axon/dendrites

Question 50

what are the three types of axonal transport?

Answer 50

fast anterograde, fast retrograde, and slow anterograde

Question 51

describe fast anterograde

Answer 51

20-400 mm/day mitochondria synaptic vesicles enzymes small ions and molecules

Question 52

describe fast retrograde

Answer 52

20-400 mm/day used synaptic vesicles pathogens sends back up

Question 53

describe slow anterograde

Answer 53

.5-10 mm/day "stop and go" cytoskeletal components replaces worn-out enzymes repairs damaged nerves

Question 54

what glia are located in the CNS?

Answer 54

oligodendrocytes ependymal cells microglia astrocytes

Question 55

what glia are located in the PNS?

Answer 55

schwann cells satellite cells

Question 56

describe oligodendrocytes

Answer 56

resembles octopus with up to 15 arms each arm wraps around nearby axon which forms insulating myelin sheath job= to make myelin 1 cell can myelinate up to 15 axons

Question 57

describe ependymal cells

Answer 57

lines internal cavities of brain and spinal cord they produce and circulate CSF

Question 58

describe microglia

Answer 58

macrophages that phagocytize dead tissue, debris and pathogens concentrated at sites of trauma and injury

Question 59

describe astrocytes

Answer 59

cover brain surface, providing framework for tissue contact capillaries to form blood-brain barrier regulate blood flow and composition of tissue fluid

Question 60

describe schwann cells

Answer 60

has a single arm that produces myelin sheath on axons job: make myelin 1 cell can myelinate 1 axon

Question 61

describe satellite cells

Answer 61

insulate somas in ganglia of the PNS

Question 62

what does the speed of nerve signal transmission rely on?

Answer 62

diameter of the fiber and amount of myelin

Question 63

how does diameter of fiber effect nerve signal transmission?

Answer 63

conduction occurs at surface, not in axoplasm. more surface area means faster conduction

Question 64

how does the amount of myelin effect speeds of nerve signal transmission?

Answer 64

unmyelinated 0.5-2 m/s small myelinated 3-15 m/s large myelinated up to 120m/s

Question 65

what are unmyelinated fibers for?

Answer 65

hormonal secretion and pupil dilation

Question 66

what are myelinated fibers for?

Answer 66

skeletal muscle, sensory signals, balance