intro to the nervous system

Question 1

what direction is rostral?

Answer 1

towards head

Question 2

what direction is caudal?

Answer 2

towards tail

Question 3

what does afferent designate?

Answer 3

incoming connections, communication going towards next neuron

Question 4

what does efferent designate?

Answer 4

outgoing communications, communications going away from a neuron

Question 5

the neural crest cells that were “left behind” eventually form the majority of the _____________

Answer 5

peripheral nervous system to include dorsal root ganglia, Schwann cells, and the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system

Question 6

in addition to forming the spinal cord, brain, CNS, and PNS, what else do the neural crest tubes form?

Answer 6

melanocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis

Question 7

The neural tube is separated into four parts, what are they?

Answer 7

roof, floor, alar, basal

Question 8

what is the purpose of the alar plate of the neural tube?

Answer 8

forms the sensory and association part of the tube

Question 9

what is the purpose of the basal plate in the neural tube?

Answer 9

forms the motor part of the developing neural tube (alpha and gamma motor neurons)

Question 10

what is the sulcus limitans?

Answer 10

a groove that separates the alar plate and basal plate in the neural tube

Question 11

what are the three primary vesicles of the developing neural tube?

Answer 11

rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon

Question 12

what secondary vesicles does the rhombencephalon develop into?

Answer 12

myelencephalon and metencephalon

Question 13

what secondary vesicles does the prosencephalon develop into?

Answer 13

diencephalon and telencephalon

Question 14

what secondary vesicle does the mesencephalon develop into?

Answer 14

none!

Question 15

what structure does the myelencephalon develop into?

Answer 15

medualla

Question 16

what structures does the metencephalon develop into?

Answer 16

pons and cerebellum

Question 17

what structure does the mesencephalon develop into?

Answer 17

midbrain

Question 18

what structure does the diencephalon develop into?

Answer 18

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 19

what structure does the telencephalon develop into?

Answer 19

cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia

Question 20

What is the outer layer of the dura mater called?

Answer 20

periosteal layer

Question 21

what is the inner layer of the dura mater called?

Answer 21

meningeal layer

Question 22

what are the spaces between the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater called? What is the purpose of the space?

Answer 22

dural sinuses. They are the outflow pathway for venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

what can occur if the middle meningeal artery is torn?

Answer 23

epidural hematoma, blood between the two layers of the dura mater

Question 24

where does a subfalcine hernia occur

Answer 24

cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri

Question 25

where does a transtentorial hernia occur?

Answer 25

uncus through the tentorium cerebelli

Question 26

where does a tonsillar hernia occur?

Answer 26

cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

Question 27

T/F the arachnoid mater is non-vascular

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what is the purpose of the arachnoid trabeculae?

Answer 28

it is an attachment of the arachnoid to the pia mater

Question 29

the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid is termed the __________

Answer 29

subdural space

Question 30

where does a subdural hematoma occur?

Answer 30

Between the inner layer of the dura and the outer layer of the arachnoid layer in the subdural space

Question 31

what is the lumbar cistern?

Answer 31

It is a space between conus medullaris (L2) and the end of the dura mater (S2). site for spinal puncture and anesthesia

Question 32

what do the foramen of magendie and luschka allow for?

Answer 32

they allow the CSF to leave the ventricular system and enter the subarachnoid space and eventually enter the venous system via the dural sinuses.

Question 33

where is CSF made?

Answer 33

it is secreted by ependymal cell in the lining of the ventricular system

Question 34

how far does the periosteal layer of the dura extend?

Answer 34

just to the foramen magnum, the meningeal layer extends and covers the spinal cord

Question 35

describe the blood flow of the arachnoid mater

Answer 35

none! The arachnoid mater is non-vascular