Intro to Tissue Types Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What are the three germ layers?
A
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
2
Q
What is endoderm?
A
Inner germ layer that forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives.
3
Q
What is mesoderm?
A
Middle germ layer that forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessel
4
Q
What is ectoderm?
A
Outer germ layer that forms skin and neuroectoderm
5
Q
What are the four primary tissues?
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
6
Q
What is the functions of epithelia?
A
Protects underlying structures Acts as a Barrier Permits passage of substances Secretes substances Absorbs substance
7
Q
What functions does cell layers and shapes determine?
A
Diffusion Filtration Secretion Absorption Protection
8
Q
What is the function of microvilli?
A
Increase surface area absorption or secretion
9
Q
What is the function of Cilia?
A
Move materials across cell surface
10
Q
Name three cell connections.
A
Desmosomes
Tight
Gap
11
Q
Which type of glands have ducts? Which don’t?
A
Exocrine has ducts
Endocrine has no ducts
12
Q
Epithelium consists almost entirely of ____, and it covers ___ _____ and forms _____.
A
Cells
Body surfaces
Glands
13
Q
Epithelium has ____ and _____ surfaces.
A
free and basal
14
Q
Does epithelium have blood vessels?
A
No , but exception in ear
15
Q
Epithelium undergoes what types of cell division?
A
Mitosis
16
Q
Epithelial tissue cells are joined by ____ ____, which increase____ and create _____.
A
junctional complexes
strength
barriers
17
Q
Epethilia cells are separated from underlying tissue via?
A
Basement membrane
18
Q
What is the functions of cell connections?
A
Bind cells together
Form permability layer
Intercellular communication
19
Q
What are the four types of cell connections?
A
Desosomes (cadherins)
Hemidesmosome (integrin)
Tight (occludins)
Gap
20
Q
Plasma membranes can join together to form?
A
tight junctions
21
Q
In _______ junctions membranes are “glued” together by ______ that pass through both membranes and attach to ______.
A
Adherens
proteins
cytoskeleton
22
Q
In ________ proteins “button” two membranes together
A
desmosomes
23
Q
What is transitional epithelium?
A
Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamous-like when stretched
24
Q
Location of simple squamous epithelium?
A
- lining of air sacs
- Glomerular capsule
- Inner cornea
- Eardrum
25
What is endothelium?
Simple squamous epithelium that lines heart,, blood and lymphatic vessels, and capillaries
26
What is mesothelium?
SS epithelium that lines ventral body cavity and is part of serous membrane
27
Function of simple squamous epithelium?
Filtration
Absorption
Secretion
28
Location of cuboidal epithelial
Surface of ovary
Crystalline lens
kidney tubules
Ducts of many glands
29
Function of cuboidal epithelial
Secretion and absorption
30
Location of ciliated simple columnar.
Upper resp. tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes
31
Simple membranes are specialized for _____
transport
32
Stratified membranes are specialized for ______
protection
33
Keratinized membranes have an outer layer of ____ cells
dead
34
Location of stratified squamous epithelial.
```
Nonkeratinized (lines wet surfaces)
1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Epiglottis
4. Vagina
Keratinized
1. Outer layer of skin
```
35
Function of stratified squamous
protection
36
Location of stratified cuboidal
Ducts of adult sweat glands
37
Function of stratified squamous
protection
38
location of stratified columnar
Lines part of male urethra
| larger secretory ducts
39
Function of stratified columnar
protection and secretion
40
Loaction of transitional epithelium
Line Urinary tract
41
Function of transitional
permits distention
42
Location of psuedostratified epithelium
lines most of upper resp. tract
| some ducts of male reproductive system ( larger exceretory ducts)
43
Function of psuedostratified epithelium
secretion
44
Psuedostratified ciliated epithelium has ____ cells
goblet.
45
Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland
Goblet cell
46
What is a cluster of tubes in an multicellular exocrine gland called?
acini
47
Tube types of exocrine tubes glands
simple and compound
48
What are mesocrine glands and give one example.
Exocrine glands the secrete via vesicles. Sweat glands
49
What are apocrine glands? give two examples
Exocrine gland that bud secretions off through plasma membrance.
Mammary glands and cerumen
50
What are Holocrine glands? Give two examples
Exocrine glands tht have secretions produced in cells and rupture plasma membrane to release content into lumen.
Sebaceous gland and meibomian gland
51
Connective tissue cells are separated via?
Extracellular matrix
52
Functions of connective tissue
1. Enclosing and separating as capsules around organs
2. Connecting tissues to one another as tendons and ligaments
3. Supporting and moving as bones
4. Storing as fat
5. Cushioning and insulating as fat
6. Transporting as blood
7. Protecting as cells of the immune system.
53
Give examples of connective tissue cells.
1. Specialized cells that produce extracellular matrix (ex: fibroblast)
2. Adipose
3. Mast cells
4. WBC
5. Macrophages
6. Stem cells
54
Loose connective tissue is also know as?
areolar tissue
55
Functions of loose connective tissue.
1. loose packing material of most organs and tissue
| 2. attaches skin to underlying tissues
56
Loose connective tissue contains ?
collagen
reticular
elastic fibers
57
Dense regular connective tissue is packed with?
fibers of collagen
58
Tendons attach ____ to _____.
muscles to bones
59
Ligaments attach _____ to _____.
bones to bones
60
Dense regular elastic is found ?
ligaments in vocal folds
61
Scars are a form of what connective tissue?
Dense irregular
62
Dense irregular collagenous forms most of ____ ____.
skin dermis
63
Dense irregular elastic is found in ____ of ___ ____.
walls
elastic arteries
64
What are the two types of adipose ?
Brown and (yellow) white
65
What is the most abundant type of adipose?
Yellow ( white at birth and yellows with age)
66
What is the location of brown adipose?
Axillae
Neck
Kidneys
67
Reticular tissue forms the framework of _____ tissue.
Lymphatic
68
Reticular tissue is characterized by a ?
network of fibers and cells
69
Adipose tissue is specialized for ?
Fat synthesis, breakdown, and storage
70
Cartilage is composed of _________ located in spaces called _______.
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
71
Cartilage is the second _____ structure in body. Second to _____.
firmest
Bone
72
Three types of cartilage.
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic
73
Hyaline cartilage is found in areas for strong _____ and some ______.
Support
Flexibility
74
Location of hyaline cartilage
Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
75
Hyaline cartilage forms most of _____ before replaced by _____ in embryo.
Skeleton
Bone
76
Hyaline cartilage is involved in _____ that increases bone _____
growth
length
77
Fibrocartilage is slightly _______ and very tough.
compresible
78
Fibrocartilage is found in areas where a great deal of ____ is applied to ____.
Pressure
Joints
79
3 locations of fibrocartilage..
Knee
Jaw
Between vertebrae
80
Locations of elastic cartilage
External ears
| Epiglottis
81
Loose connective tissue consists of _____ ( fibrous ____) and tissue ____.
collagen
Proteins
Fluid.
82
Cartilage is connective tissue that is specialized for?
support and protection
83
Cartilage is made by ?
chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material
84
Cartilage forms the ____ ____ for joints.
articular surfaces
85
Name three components of extracellular matrix.
Protein fibers
Ground substance
Fluid
86
What is the most common protein in the body?
Collagen
87
Reticular fibers fill spaces between?
tissues and organs
88
What is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix?
Bone
89
Bone is Organic or inorganic?
It is both
90
What are two types of bones?
Cancellous or spongy
| Compact
91
What cell forms bones?
Osteoblasts
92
What cells are trapped inactive osteoblasts?
Osteocytes
93
What cell reabsorbs bones?
Osteoclasts
94
What is the function of hemopoietic tissue and where is it found?
forms blood cells
Found in red and yellow bone marrow
95
What is the matrix between cells in blood?
Liquid
96
Function of muscle?
Contracts and shortens with force
| Moves entire body and pumps blood.
97
Types of muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
98
Skeletal muscle is striated or non-striated? Voluntary or involuntary?
striated and voluntary
99
Each fiber in skeletal muscle is formed by ?
fusion of embryonic myoblasts which allows it to become large and multinucleated
100
Describe smooth muscle.
Not striated
involuntary
Controlled by ANS
101
Describe cardiac muscle ( myocardial cells)
short, striated, and involuntary. Not individually controlled. Have branches and intercalated discs.
102
Mycocardial cells have intercalated discs between cells that provide ?
mechanical and electrical interconnections.
103
Location of nervous tissue?
brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
104
Nervous tissues are able to produce ?
action potentials
105
Cells of nervous tissue?
```
Neurons
Neuroglia or support cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
microglial
```
106
Neurons consists of what parts?
dendrites
cell body
axon
107
What are the different polar types of neurons?
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
108
What cells are glial cell for the brain and what are two of their functions?
Astrocytes
Form BB barrier and repair
109
What cell is responsible of myelination in CNS?
Oligodenrocytes
110
What is the function of microglial?
Phagocytic
| Immuno rxn
111
Nerurons are specialized to?
conduct electrical signals
112
Function of cell body of neuron?
Contains nucleus and is metabolic center
113
Describe dendrites and their function.
Highly branched extensions of cell body that receive inputs from other neurons.
114
Describe axons and their function.
A single long extension off cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other cells.
115
Function of supporting/ Glial cells
provide physical and functional support for neurons
116
Ratio of supporting/glial cells to neurons?
5:1
