Intro To Urinalysis Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
Most frequent chemical analysis performed on urine; used for detection and monitoring of DM
A
Glucose
2
Q
What is the white color in Hazardous Material Classification
A
Specific Hazard
3
Q
Lysis of red blood cells
A
Hemoglobinuria
4
Q
Measure of the density of dissolved chemicals in the urine specimen
A
Urine SG
5
Q
Paired with Bilirubin to determine Liver Disease
A
Urobilinogen
6
Q
Located within Bowman’s Capsule and forms the beginning of renal tubule
A
Glomerulus
7
Q
Causes of Alkaline Urine
A
Diet high in fruits and vegetables
8
Q
What is the change in the bilirubin of unpreserved urine, and it’s cause
A
Decreased, exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin
9
Q
The substance to be reabsorbed must combined with a carrier protein
A
Active Transport
10
Q
Harm or Injury associated with the hazard
A
Risk
11
Q
Extuingishing materials of Class A fire type
A
Wood, paper, and clothing
12
Q
30 secs reading time in Reagent strip
A
Bilirubin
Glucose
13
Q
Evident if there is an injury in the urinary tract
A
Blood
14
Q
Type of urine preservative that is used for drug analyses
A
Sodium Flouride
15
Q
An ultrafiltrate of plasma
A
Urine
16
Q
What is the red hazard in Hazardous Material Classification
A
Fire Hazard
17
Q
Nitrite (Reagent strip) Basis of Test
A
ability of certain bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite
18
Q
Type of urine preservative that prevents bacterial growth and metabolism
A
Boric Acid (almost all acids)
19
Q
It is any object with the potential to cause harm
A
Hazard
20
Q
Reagent Strip (Glucose Oxidase) Reactions principle
A
Double sequential enzyme reaction
21
Q
Uses a urine strip reader, or a urine analyzer in which a machine will do the chemical testing on your behalf.
A
Automated Reagent Strip
22
Q
Buffering capacity of blood depends on
A
Biocarbonate (HCO3-) ions
23
Q
It consists of a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes
A
Glomerulus
24
Q
Abnormal volume of protein associated with Proteinuria
A
Greater than 30mg/dL or 300mg/L
25
What gives urine its yellow color; considered the most predominant pigment seen in fresh samples
Urochrome
26
Average daily urine output
1,200mL
27
Screening test for Bence Jones Protein
Solubility test
28
Aromatic odor
Normal
29
Source of Sharp Hazards
Needles, lancets, and broken glass
30
Decrease in urine output
Oliguria
31
Bleach odor
Contamination
32
60 secs reading time in Reagent Strip
Nitrite
Urobilinogen
Protein
pH
Blood
33
Ttpe of urine specimen that is used to produce accurate quantitatively results
24-hour Specimen
34
Surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubule
Peritubular Capillaries
35
Type of Diabetes wherein there is a decrease in insulin or decrease function of insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
36
It controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within thr glomerulus
Renin-Angiotensis-Aldosterone System
37
pH of first morning specimens
5.0 to 6.0 (slightly acidic during the morning)
38
Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Principle
Diazo reaction
39
Pressure resulting from the smaller size of efferent arteriole
Hydrostatic pressure
40
The test most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow
P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
41
It is often the first function affected in renal disease
Tubular Reabsorption Capability
42
Blood (Reagent Strip) Color Reaction
yellow- green – blue
43
Blood (Reagent Strip) Principle
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
44
Familial benign hypercalcemia
Blue urine
45
Soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic akin adhesive attached to the genital area
Pediatric Specimen
46
Cause of pale yellow urine
Polyuria
DI and DM
DIlute random specimen
47
Non-reversible spontaneous decarboxylation product of diacetic acid
Acetone
48
Water is removed by
Osmosis
49
Cause of pink / red urine color
RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
50
How many percent does acetone occupy in ketones
2%
51
How to check for urine color
Good light source
White background
Look down, well lit room
52
The more yellow, the more ________ it is
Acidic
53
Clear urine with positive chemical test for blood; muscle damage
Myoglobin
54
Consist of 85% of nephrons, located within the cortex of kidney, main function is removal of waste and reabsorption
Cortical Nephron
55
What is the change in the nitrite of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Increased, multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
56
Cause of blue-green urine color
Methylene blue
57
Most random urine SG
1.015 to 1.030
58
The temperature not necessary of refractometer
15C to 38C
59
Primary organic component of urine
Urea
60
Relies on volume displacement; not recommended by CLSI
Urinometry
61
What are the cellular structures of the Glomerulus
Capillary wall membrane
Basement membrane
Visceral epithelium of bowman's capsule
62
Source of Chemical Hazards
Preservatives and Reagents
63
Patients were deprived of fluids for 24 hours prior to measuring specific gravity
Fishberg test
64
Process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results
Chain of Custody (COC)
65
Hemoglobinuria
Clear red
66
Fruity sweet odor
Ketones
67
You will compare a strip to a color chart attached to the canister where the urine strips are placed, then compare and determine the concentration of a substance.
Manual Reagent Strips
68
Indicative of Liver Disease
Bilirubin
69
Final adjustment of the urinary composition
PCT or DCT
Distal Convoluted Tubule
70
Source of Electrical Hazards
Ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords
71
The liquid part of the blood
Plasma
72
Causes of Acidic Urine
Diet high in meat protein and with some fruits such as cranberries
73
What is the renal threshold of glucose
160mg/dl to 180mg/dl
74
Blood enters the capillaries of the nephrons through the
Afferent Arteriole
75
Represent multiple complex, state-of-the-art chemical reactions
Reagent Strips
76
Extinguishing material of Class K fire type
Grease, oils, and fats
77
What is the blue color in Hazardous Material Classification
Health Hazard
78
Immediate reabsorption of essential substance from the fluid
PCT or DCT
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
79
Presence of albumin in urine above the normal level but below the detectable range of conventional urine dipstick methods
Microalbuminuria
80
Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) Reagent
Multistix: Poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue
Chemstrip: Ethyleneglycoldiaminoethylethertetraacetic acid,
bromthymol blue
81
Odor of freshly voided urine
Faint Aromatic
82
How many percent are the solutes in a normal urine composition
5%
83
Renal Functions
Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
84
Ketone (Reagent strip) Principle
Based on sodium nitroprusside (nitroferricyanide) reaction
85
Major serum protein found in the urine
Albumin
86
Cause of green urine color
Pseudomonas infection
87
Determines the concentration of dissolved particles by measuring refractive index; its principle is refractive index
Refractometer
88
Accurate pH measurement; Used in patients with disturbances of acid-base balance
pH Electrode
89
Cause of brown or black urine color
Malignant melanoma
Melanin
Melanogen
90
What is the change on the bacteria of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Increased, multiplication
91
Confirmatory for Bence Jones Protein
Serum Electrophoresis/IE
92
More accurate evaluation of renal concentrating ability; its principle is changes in colligative properties by particle number
Osmolality
93
How many percent does Beta-hydroxybutyric acid occupy in ketones
78%
94
Primary method used for the chemical examination of urine
Reagent Strips
95
Sweaty Feet odor
Isovaleric Acidemia
96
Most vulnerable part of drug testing program
Drug Specimen Collection
97
Not a urine SG
lower than 1.002
98
Reagent used in Reagent Strip
Tetrabromophenol blue; Tetrachlorophenol
tetrabromosulfophthalein
99
Type of Diabetes wherein there is a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes Insipidus
100
Test to determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water
Concentration Test
101
Located adjacent to the ascending and descending loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons
Vasa Recta
102
What is the change in the clarity of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous materials
103
Cause of dark yellow urine
Concentrated specimen
Dehydration
104
Extinguishing materials of Class C fire type
Electrical
105
RACE means
Rescue, Alarm, Contain, and Extinguish
106
What is the total renal blood flow
1,200 mL/min
107
40 secs reading time in Reagent Strip
Ketone
108
pH of normal random specimen
4.5 to 8.0 (sometime acidic, sometime akaline)
109
Range of a normal daily urine output
1,200 to 1,500mL / 600 to 2000mL is considered normal
110
Assess urinary tract infection, presence of nitrate reducing bacteria
Nitrite
111
Urine volume required for drug testing program
30mL to 45mL (strasinger) while for DOH manual 60mL for single collection and 30mL for split-collection
112
Recommended temperature for the refrigeration of urine
2°C to 8°C
113
Maximum point at which kidneys are able to reabsorb substances
Maximal Reabsorptive Capacity
114
What gives urine pink pigment when specimen is refrigerated
Uroerythrin
115
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
116
What includes in physical examination of urine
Color, Clarity, Specific Gravity, and Odor
117
The movement of molecules across a membrane
Passive Transport
118
HGB or hemoglobinuria plasma color
Red plasma
119
Cause of orange-yellow urine color
Phenindione
120
It is considered the ideal screening specimen
First-morning specimen
121
Based on changes in sound wave frequency
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
122
MGB or myoglobinuria plasma color
Normal plasma
123
Recommended capacity of a urine container
50mL
124
Seen in case of multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Protein
125
It prohibits the filtration of large molecules
Shield of negativity
126
Principle of Protein Reagent Strip
Protein error of indicators
127
Factors influencing the actual filtration process
Bowman's Capsule
Hydrostatic and Oncotic pressures, and
The feedback mechanism of the renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system (RAAS)
128
Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Reagent
Multistix: 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
Chemstrip: 2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt
129
Frequent night urination
Nocturia
130
Parameters of Reagent Strips
pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Blood
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Nitrite
Leukocyte
Specific gravity
131
Perform urine testing within how many hours
2 hours
132
Normal random urine SG
1.002 to 1.005
133
2mins reading time in Reagent Strip
Leukocyte
134
Type of urine preservative that is excellent for sediment preservation
Formalin
135
Alternative for catheterized specimen, provides a less-traumatic method
Midstream clean catch
136
Precursor of melanoma
Melanogen
137
Collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder
Catheterized Specimen
138
Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) principle
pKa change (dissociation constant) of a
polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
139
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
140
No visible particulates, transparent
Clear
141
Cause of yellow-green urine color
BIlirubin oxidized to biliverdin
142
Nitrite (Reagent strip) Principle
Greiss reaction
143
Print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
144
Compared the volume and specific gravity of day and night urine
Mosenthal test
145
What is the change in the trichomonas of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, Loss of Motility and Death
146
Contains a shield that repels molecules with a positive charge
Shield of Negativity
147
Maple syrup odor
Maple syrup urine disease
148
Test that measures the rate at which kidneys are able to remove filterable substance from the blood
Clearance Test
149
What is the change on the odor of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Increased, bacterial multiplation causing breakdown of urea to ammonia
150
Cause of colorless urine
Recent fluid consumption
151
Mousy odor
Phenylketonuria
152
Functional Proteinuria happens due to
Strenuous exercise
153
Primary inorganic component of urine
Chloride
154
Clear urine with positive chemical test for blood; intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobin
155
What is the total renal plasma flow
600mL/min to 700mL/min
156
Sequence of renal blood flow
Renal Artery -> AA -> Glomerolus -> EA -> Pertibular capillaries and vasa recta -> Renal Vein
157
What gives urine orange-brown color; not fresh or left for sometime
Urobilin
158
Extinguishing material of Class B fire type
Flammable organic chemicals or flammable liquids
159
Cessation in urine output
Anuria
160
Can be valuable to measure the viability of a transplanted kidney
Radionucleotides
161
Source of Biologic Hazard?
Infectious Agents
162
Proteins from prostatic, seminal, vaginal secretions
Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin)
163
Corrections for glucose and protein
Subtract 0.003 for each gram of protein
Subtract 0.004 for each gram of glucose
164
pH indicator
Bromthymol Blue
165
Breath deodorizer color
Green urine
166
Extinguishing material of Class D fire type
Combustible metals
167
How many percent is water in a normal urine composition
95%
168
Routine laboratory measurements of GFR
Creatinine Clearance
169
Depends on the number of particles present in a solution and the density of these particles
Specific Gravity
170
What is the change of the color of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Modified/darkened, oxidation or reduction of metabolites
171
Source of Radioactive Hazards
Equipment and Isotopes
172
A heme containing protein found in
muscle tissue
Myoglobin
173
Source of Radioactive Hazards
Equipment and Isotopes
174
Indicative of Diabetes Mellitus
Glucose
175
Indicative of Kidney Disease
Protein
176
Organs that maintain the acid-base equilibrium
Kidney (reabsorption of bicarbonate and
secretion of hydrogen ions) and Lungs (excretion of carbon dioxide)
177
How many percent does acetoacetic acid occupy in ketones
20%
178
Principle: double indicator system of Methyl Red (red to yellow, pH 4.0-6.0) and Bromothymol blue (yellow to blue, 6.0-9.0)
pH Reagent Strip
179
Type of urine preservative that does not interfere with chemical tests
Refrigeration
180
45 secs reading time in Reagent Strip
Specific Gravity
181
Disorders of renal or genitourinary origin
Hematuria
182
A polymer of fructose, extremely stable substance
Inulin
183
What is the change in the ketones of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, volatilization and bacterial multiplication
184
Normal color of urine
Yellow
185
The plasma concentration at which active glucose transport stops
Renal Threshold
186
How many nephrons are in the kidney
1 to 1.5 million nephrons
187
Albumin Qualitative test principle
Precipitation of protein by heat and coagulation by chemical reagents
188
Relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat
Copper Reduction Test
189
Specific Gravity (Reagent strip) Color reaction
Blue (1.000) to shades of green-yellow(1.030)
190
Acid-base balance of the patient
pH
191
Excreting usually less than 0.5g of protein per day
Functional Proteinuria
192
Assess urinary tract infection, Presence of
Leukocytes
Leukocyte Esterase
193
Eight capillary lobes referred to collectively as the
Capillary Tufts
194
Recommended urine capacity for microscopic analysis
12mL
195
Many precipitate or be clottede
Milky
196
Normal volume of protein
Less than 10 mg/dL or 100 mg per 24 hours
197
Begins in the descending loops and ascending loops of henle
Tubular Concentration
198
Foul, ammonia-like odor
Bacterial decomposition, UTI
199
Hematuria
Intact RBC (cloudy red)
200
Standard tests used to measure the filtering capacity of glomeruli
Clearance Test
201
What is the change in the glucose of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, glycolysis and bacterial use
202
What is the change on the pH of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Increased, breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria
203
Substance that is completely removed from the blood
P-aminohippuric acid
204
Transparency or turbidity of the urine specimen
Clarity
205
Type of urine specimen that is considered most common
Random Specimen
206
Measures change in pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
Reagent Strip SG
207
What is the kidney's functional units
Nephrons
208
Use ________ to measure SG of urine
Osmometer
209
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
210
SG of urine
1.010
211
What influences color of urine
Normal metabolic function
Physical Activity
Ingested material
Pathologic Condition
212
The most indicative of renal disease; Associated with early renal disease
Protein
213
Principle of Reagent Strip
Double sequential enzymatic reaction
214
Cabbage odor
Methione malabsorption
215
Source of Physical Hazards
Wet floors, heavy boxes, and patients
216
Source of Fire Hazard
Open flames and Organic chemicals
217
Bilirubin (Reagent strip) Color Reaction
tan or pink to violet
218
Ketones (Clinical Importance)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (IDDM)
Insulin dosage monitoring
Starvation
Excessive carbohydrate loss
219
Blood flows through the glomerulus and into the
Efferent Arteriole
220
Blood (Reagent Strip) Chromogen
Tetramethylbenzidine
221
Simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine
Reagent Strips
222
What is the yellow color in Hazardous Material Classification
Instability
223
What is the change in the RBC, WBC, and Casts of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, disintegration in dilute alkaline urine
224
Intermediate products of fat metabolism
Ketones
225
Have longer loops of henle, located near the medulla, and its function is concentration of urine
Juxtamedullary Nephron
226
Is responsible for the bulk of the
bicarbonate reabsorption/generation
Proximal renal tubule
227
What is the change in the urobilinogen of unpreserved urine, and it's cause
Decreased, oxidation to urobilin
228
Process which provides for almost 100% reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate occurs primarily in the
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
229
Human kidneys receive approximately how many percent of the blood pumped
25%
230
Indicative of Diabetes Mellitus, Starvation, Malnourishment
Ketones
231
Increase in urine output
Polyuria
232
Is a small protien produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells
Cystatin C
233
PASS means
Pull pin, Aim at base of fire, Squeez handles, and Sweep nozzle side to side
234
Types of clarity in urine specimen
Clear
Hazy
Cloudy
Turbid
Milky
235
What includes urine routine analysis
Physical examination, Chemical examination, and Microscopic examination
236
Rancid odor
Tyrosinemia
237
Assessing hydration of the patient
Specific Gravity
238
Cause of port wine urine color
Porphyrins
239
Pressure of unfiltered plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries
Oncotic pressure
240
Dissociate from human leukocyte antigens
Beta2 microglobulin
