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Voice Disorders > Intro to Voice Disorders > Flashcards

Intro to Voice Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Fictitious Stage or Folklore Stage

A

The earliest stage. When voice production was thought to be magical, religious, or supernatural with the physician to be some type of religious priest, god, etc. with disorders of the throat and voice being treated using folk remedies or even excommunication (religious ceremonies)

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2
Q

Metaphysical Stage

A

Knowledge was based partly on observation but mainly on speculation. Doctors at this time were philosophers.

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3
Q

Traditional Stage

A

Coincided with the dark ages and the study of the throat and voice was stagnated. If anything, it regressed.

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4
Q

The Realistic Stage

A

Our knowledge and study of the throat was based on observation and experimentation. It’s when study of the voice and throat became a science.

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5
Q

“The Rehabilition of Speech” Book

A

Published in 1937 and written by West, Kennedy, and Carr. Contribution was “if the voice is disordered, there is always a reason and if properly studied, that reason can be determined”

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6
Q

“Speech Correction: Principles and Methods” Book

A

Written in 1939 by Van Riper. He talked about the diagnosis of voice disorders and he advocated perceptually diagnosing voice disorders as disorders of pitch, loudness, and/or quality.

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7
Q

5 Criteria for Typical Voice

A
  1. Should be loud enough to be heard
  2. should be produced in a manner that does not cause vocal trauma or laryngeal pathologies or lesions
  3. should be pleasant to listen to and have a pleasing quality
  4. Should be flexible enough to express a variety of emotions
  5. should represent the speaker well in terms of age, gender, and culture
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8
Q

Disorders of Phonation

A

result primarily from the action of the vocal folds causing a vocal quality that is unsuitable

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9
Q

Dysphonia

A

general term for disorders of phonation

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10
Q

Disorders of Resonance

A

Result from a dysfunction in the cuppling and uncuppling of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and/or pharynx that affects the quality of the voice

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11
Q

Prevalence of Voice Disorders In the US

A

3-9% of the population, tending towards the higher side.

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12
Q

Gender that has a higher prevalence in children

A

Boys (about 2 to 1)

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13
Q

Gender that has a higher prevalence in Adults

A

Females

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14
Q

Phonatory system

A

is compromised of cartilages of larynx, ligaments that hold it together and attach it to other parts, and the muscles which move the larynx and its parts, and the hyoid bone.

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15
Q

Primary Function of Larynx

A

Maintence and preservation of life

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16
Q

Overlaid Function of Larynx

A

The primary function is biological. It’s anatomy and physiology make it suited for voice production

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17
Q

Adaptive Function of Larynx

A

Primary function is biological. Over time, its anatomy and physiology has been modified so its suited for voice production.

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18
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

unpaired, the most inferior of the laryngeal cartilages, makes up the base of the larynx

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19
Q

Cricoid Cartilage Landmarks

A

cricoid arch, posterior lamina, lateral articular facets, superior articular facets,

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20
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Unpaired. protects the opening to the respiratory system.

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21
Q

Thyroid Cartilage Landmarks

A

thyroid lamina, thyroid angle, thyroid notch, laryngeal prominence, oblique line, inferior horns of thyroid, superior horns of thyroid

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22
Q

Cricothyroid Joint

A

Made from the lateral articular facets of the cricoid and the inferior horns of the thryroid. Cricoid remains stationary. It rocks downward and glides forward, which increases length and tension while decreasing mass. Results in higher pitched voice.

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23
Q

arytenoid Cartilage

A

paired. sits atop of posterior quadrate lamina of thyroid.

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24
Q

Landmarks of Arytenoid Cartilage

A

vocal processes (anterior processes) and muscular processes (lateral), apex of arytenoid

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25
cricoarytenoid joint
made up of arytenoids and superior articular facets of cricoid. Can rock down and in, which adducts the vocal folds. Also moves out and back which abducts the vocal folds. When closed, it glides forward to reinforce closure. When open, it glides outward to open them more.
26
triticial cartilages
in between superior horns of thryroid and hyoid bone. Just a spacebar, no function (paired)
27
Epiglottis
unpaired. extends from inner surface of thyroid notch, up through hyoid bone, to base of the tongue. No function in voice production but does in swallowing
28
Cuneiform Cartilages
paired. sits anterior and superior to the arytenoid cartilages. Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds. Vestigial structures (no function)
29
Hyoid Bone
Serves as junction between larynx and base of tongue. Movement results in movement of larynx.
30
Hyoid Bone landmarks
greater horns, lesser horns, and corpus
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Extrinsic Muscles Functions
Have one point of attachment on a phonatory system and one on a nonphonatory structure. Functions: 1) raises and lowers the larynx to facilitate the production of different pitches 2) hold the larynx in place in the neck (also called strap muscles)
32
Intrinsic Muscles and Functions
both points of attachment on a phonatory mechanism. Functions: 1) responsible for making the finer adjustments that we associate with voice production, like opening/closing the vocal folds and tensing/relaxing the vocal folds
33
Extrinsic Muscles Groups
Anatomically: suprahyoid (all are laryngeal elevators) and infrahyoid (all are laryngeal depressors except one)
34
Digastric Muscle
Paired, suprahyoid extrinsic musle composed of two parts: 1) posterior belly 2) anterior belly
35
Posterior Belly of Digastric Muscle
Origin: mastoid process of temproal bone Insertion: hyoid bone Function: elevate the hyoid and pull it backwards, the larynx follows
36
Anterior Belly of Digastric Muscle
Origin: inner surface of the midline of the mandible Insertion: hyoid bone Function: elevates the hyoid and pulls it forward, same to larynx
37
Mylohyoid Muscle
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle unpaired forms floor of mouth Origin: large area along the inside of almost the entire mandible Insertion: corpus of hyoid Function: elevates hyoid and pulls forward, same to larynx
38
Geniohyoid Muscle
paired suprahyoid extrinsic muscle Origin: inner surface of mandible at midline Insertion: corpus of hyoid Function: elevates the hyoid and pulls it forward, same to larynx
39
Stylohyoid Muscle
paired suprahyoid extrinsic muscle Origin: styloid process of temporal bone Insertion: hyoid bone Function: elevates hyoid and pulls it backwards, same to larynx
40
Thyrohyoid Muscle
infrahyoid extrinsic muscle Origin: oblique line of thyroid muscle Insertion: greater horn of hyoid Function: draws the hyoid and the thyroid closer together. If hyoid is fixed, pulls thyroid up. If thyroid is fixed, pulls hyoid down
41
Sternothyroid Muscle
Infrahyoid Extrinsic Origin= manubrium of sternum and 1st costal cartilages Insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage Function: pulls larynx down directly (only one that moves it directly)
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Inferior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle
Infrahyoid extrinsic Origin= upper scapula Insertion= intermediate tendon Function= when it contracts, it pulls hyoid down, which lowers the larynx
43
Superior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle
Infrahyoid extrinsic Origin= intermediate tendon Insertion= hyoid bone Function= when contracts, it pulls down hyoid bone, which pulls larynx down
44
Sternohyoid Muscle
Infrahyoid extrinsic Origin= manubrium of sternum Insertion = corpus of hyoid Function = pulls hyoid down, which lowers larynx
45
Thyroarytenoid Muscle
Intrinsic muscle Origin = inner surface of thyroid cartilage near the angle Insertion = along entire base of arytenoid cartilage Function = when it contracts, the thyroid and arytenoid come closer, which shortens vfs (increases mass) and creates lower pitches
46
Cricothyroid muscle
has two parts: Pars Recta and Pars Oblique intrinsic muscle
47
Pars Recta
intrinsic Origin = inner surface of cricoid arch Insertion = underside of thyroid lamina Function = moves cricothyroid joint, rocks it down and forward
48
Pars Oblique
intrinsic Origin = cricoid cartilage lateral to pars recta Insertion = junction between thyroid lamina and inferior horn Function = glider of cricothyroid joint
49
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Instrinsic Muscle Origin = superior lateral surface of criocoid cartilage Insertion = muscular process of arytenoid cartilage Function = pulls toward point of origin, pulls arytenoid cartilage (responsible for down and in, adduction)
50
Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle
Intrinsic Origin = posterior cricoid lamina Insertion = arytenoid cartilage Function = abducts vocal folds
51
Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
intrinsic (only unpaired) Goes from posterior lateral aspects of on arytenoid to posterior later aspects of other arytenoid Function = when contracts, brings arytenoids closer together, which draws vocal folds together. PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR GENERATING MEDIAL COMPRESSION OF VOCAL FOLDS
52
Medial Compression
the force that one surface exerts on another surface
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Oblique Arytenoid Muscle
extend from muscular process of one arytenoid and cross diagonally to embed in the ariepiglottic folds Function: when they contract, they draw the apex of arytenoids together, which reinforces medial compression
54
Innervation of Intrinsic Muscles
all innvervated by the vagus nerve -vagus nerve has branches
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Pharyngeal Nerve Branch
intrinsic innervates muscles of pharynx and muscles of velum -helps us shape vocal tract for resonance
56
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Branch
intrinsic has two branches internal branch: sensory and it innervates the inner mucousal lining of the vocal folds External: innervates cricothyroid muscle
57
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
intrinsic aka the wanderer leaves base of skull, goes down side of neck, into chest, loops around the aorta, and then comes back to larynx innervates all intrinsic muscles that are not the cricothyroid muscle
58
Trigeminal (CN 5)
extrinsic supplies mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
59
Facial Nerve (CN 7)
extrinsic innervates stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric
60
Extrinsic Ligaments/Membranes
primarily used to bind or hold cartilages structure of larynx together or attach larynx to other structures
61
Cricotracheal Membrane
extrinsic will attach cricoid to trachea
62
Lateral Thyrohyoid Ligament
Extrinsic attaches superior horn of thyroid cartilage to lateral tip of hyoid bone It's where the triticeal membrane is
63
Middle Thyrohyoid Ligament
extrinsic attaches the anterior aspects of thyroid cartilage to the corpus of the hyoid bone
64
Thyrohyoid Membrane
attach thyroid lamina to greater horn of hyoid
65
Intrinsic Membranes
2 functions: 1) helps bind parts of larynx together 2) makes the inside of larynx more aerodynamic
66
Thyroelastic Membrane
made up of three segments 1) arieppiglottic folds 2) quadrangular membrane 3) conus elaticus
67
Aryepiglottic Folds
intrinsic superior most segment extend from the apex of each arytenoid op tip of corniculate anteriorly and attach to sides of epiglottis
68
Quadrangular Membrane
intrinsic extend from sides of each arytenoid anteriorly to the sides of epiglottis forms ventricular folds of larynx (false vocal folds)
69
Conus Elasticus
intrinsic covers the vocal folds and the upper portion of trachea

Voice Disorders (2 decks)

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