Introdction To Basic Tissue Types Muscle And Nervous

Question 1

Muscle tissue
functions
includes

Answer 1

• generating movement of animal body and its parts

- musculoskeletal system, visceral organs, heart

Question 2

muscle cells

made from

Answer 2

• myocytes

- large amounts of contractile proteins actin and myosin

Question 3

Myofibril

made from

Answer 3

Structural and functional subunits of muscle cells-

- actin and myosin myofilaments

Question 4

types of muscle

differences

Answer 4

• smooth and striated
• size and shape of cell, number, and location of nuclei
• both surrounded by external lamina (basement membrane of epithelial tissue)

Question 5

Striated muscle cells

Answer 5

• cross striations at light microscopic level by myofilaments
• parallel arrays
• Skeletal and cardiac based on function and location

Question 6

Smooth muscle

Answer 6

not organized in parallel arrays

-does not have striated appearance

Question 7

Comparison of three muscle types

Answer 7

• Skeletal -Cylindrical Multiple, flat, peripheral

- Cardiac -Branched. Single, block like, central -Smooth- Fusiform. Single, spindle-or corkscrew-shaped, central

Question 8

Organization skeletal muscle
characteristics
looks like
types

Answer 8

held together by connective tissue,

• multinuclearted from individual myoblasts during development
• polygonal shape, long axes are in the direction in which the contract
• Endomysium, perimysium, epimysim

Question 9

Endomysium

Answer 9

Thin delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds individual muscle fibers

Question 10

Perimysium

Answer 10

Thicker layer that surrounds group of fibers forming bundle (fascicle)

Question 11

Epimysium

Answer 11

Forms dense sheath surrounding collection of fascicles which forms a muscle

Question 12

Organization of Cardiac muscle

characterization

Answer 12

• myocardium.
• striated bc myofilaments organized like skeletal muscle
• fibers are not multinucleated like skeletal muscle
• multiple cells end to end
• cells attach to each other via intercalated discs
• can form branched fiber by joining of two or more cells

Question 13

Smooth muscle

Answer 13

• sheets or bundles of elongated fusiform cells - tapered ends
• cytoplasm will stain envelope with eosin

Question 14

Sensory component of nervous system

Answer 14

Collects info from external environment and from within body

Question 15

Motor component of nervous tissue

Answer 15

Controls activity of muscles, organs, and even individual cells

Question 16

division of nervous system

Answer 16

CNS- brain and spinal chord PNS- nerves that conduct impulses to and from brain and spinal chord

Question 17

Cell types of nervous tissue

Answer 17

Neurons and neuroglia ( supporting cells) Neuron- functional unit of nervous system, receive stimuli from other cells and conduct electrical impulses accordingly
Neuroglia- non conducting cells,
- near neurons,
functions: physical support, electrical insulation, facilitation of repair, regulation internal fluid environment in CNS, clearance neurotransmitters metabolic exchange between vascular system and neurons

Question 18

Axon

myelinated vs non

Answer 18

Transmits impulses away from cell body to synapse which makes contact with another neuron or an effector cell (muscle cell or glandular epithelial cell); in PNS all neurons are enveloped in Schwann cells providing structural and metabolic support.
-Non-myelinated axons enveloped by cytoplasm of Schwann cells. Myelinated axons are wrapped in myelin sheath consisting of variable number of concentric layer of Schwann cell plasma membrane.
- In CNS axon myelinated by oligodendrocytes
When viewed via light microscopy axons appear wavy bc need extra length to withstand stretching forces

Question 19

Dendrites

Answer 19

Transmit impulses toward the cell body; receptors that recieve impulses from other neurons or from external environment, Nissl bodies, free ribosomes, and occasionally Golgi apparatus will extend into dendrites (NEVER axon)

Question 20

Cell body of neuron

Answer 20

Contains nucleus and organelles, nucleus is large and euchromatin with prominent nucleus (bc cell makes a lot of protein), abundant free ribosomes and rough ER, mitochondria (numerous), large Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cytoskeletal elements

Question 21

Nissl bodies

Answer 21

lots of ribosomes shows basophillic bodies - Nissl bodies,

- Nissl body = stack of rER

Question 22

Axon hillock

Answer 22

Junction of axon with cell body

- no large organelles

Question 23

Ganglia

made of

Answer 23

Groups of nerve cells outside of CNS. Ganglion consists of cell bodies of either sensory or motor neurons NEVER both

Question 24

Nerves

Answer 24

Groups of axonal processes (aka nerve fibers) travel together in anatomical structure known as nerve; Nerves can be sensory motor or mixed

Question 25

Peripheral nerves | types

Answer 25

- Held together by connective tissue similar to skeletal muscle - Endoneurium- loose connective tissue surrounds each individual fiber - Perineurium- surrounds fascicles (bundles of fibers) - Epineurium- dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve and fills in spaces between nerve fascicles

Question 26

Questions for identifying tissues

Answer 26

1. Are the cells on a surface 2. Are the cells in contact with their neighbors or are the separated from each other by an intervening substance 3. Do the cells belong to a group with specialized functional (and structural) properties such as nerve of muscle

Question 27

Autonomic ganglia | characteristics and types

Answer 27

Clusters of neurons located along autonomic pathways - contain autonomic motor neurons - Sympathetic trunk ganglia, ganglia in head, abdomen, and pelvic cavity, and Terminal Ganglia

Question 28

Sympathetic trunk ganglia | characteristics

Answer 28

vertebral bodies along sympathetic trunk - connected to spinal nerves by communicating branches - segmental exception: Cranial Cervical Ganglion- multiple fused cervical ganglia at caudal skull base Middle cervical ganglion- multiple fused cervical ganglia at thoracic inlet Cervicothoracic ganglion- caudal cervical ganglia fused with first 2-3 thoracic ganglia

Question 29

Ganglia located in head abdomen and pelvic cavity

Answer 29

Ciliary ganglia of head (parasympathetic), celiacemosenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia of abdomen (sympathetic), pelvic ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Question 30

Terminal ganglia

Answer 30

Microscopic clusters of neurons located within target tissue, - vagus and pelvic nerves - parasympathetic function

Question 31

Vertebral nerve location innervates

Answer 31

goes cranially from cervicothoracic ganglion to supply sympathetic autonomic innervation of skin and muscles of the neck - travels with vertebral artery into transverse foramina of cervical vertebrea - Communicating branches from vertebral nerve join each cervical spinal nerve to provide sympathetic innervation to muscles and skin supplied by that spinal nerve, NO SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN VERTEBRAL NERVE bc axons making up vertebral nerve have cell bodies (from sympathetic neurons) in cervicothoracic ganglion

Question 32

Sensory pathways

Answer 32

Carrying information from tissues to the CNS, somatic and visceral afferent pathways

Question 33

Motor pathways

Answer 33

Carrying commands from the CNS to muscles and glands, somatic and visceral efferent pathways ** Visceral efferent subdivides into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 34

Visceral efferent

Answer 34

Motor pathway (ANS), smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, split into parasympathetic (vegetative functions) and sympathetic (fight of flight)

Question 35

Somatic afferent

Answer 35

Sensory, skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscles

Question 36

Visceral afferent

Answer 36

Internal organs, sensory

Question 37

Somatic efferent

Answer 37

Motor skeletal muscles

Question 38

Visceral efferent

Answer 38

Motor pathway, ANS, sympathetic (fight for flight), parasympathetic (vegetative functions)

Question 39

Visceral and somatic information with in CNS

Answer 39

- integrated - ie stepping on a tack produces sympathetic (Visceral efferent) response of increased heart rate and somatic efferent response of pulling foot away

Question 40

Somatic efferent pathways

Answer 40

- one neuron from CNS to target muscle, - lower motor neurons or somatic efferent neurons - skeletal muscle are voluntary so voluntary muscle (though not all under voluntary control)

Question 41

Location of cell bodies of LMN that control skeletal muscles of body route of LMN

Answer 41

- Ventral horn of spinal cord - axons exit spinal cord via ventral root then spinal nerve - dorsal branch for epaxial muscle and ventral branch for hypaxial muscles - Synaptic terminal of LMNs forms synapse on muscle fibers called neuromuscular junction where neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal leading to muscle fiber contraction

Question 42

Location of cell bodies that control skeletal muscles of head

Answer 42

Brainstem axons exit brainstem and travel in cranial nerves

Question 43

Phrenic nerve motor pathway

Answer 43

Phrenic nerve is somatic so LMN cell bodies are in ventral horn of spinal chord, segments C5C6C7 (keep you from going to heaven), axons exit each segment via ventral root and enter spinal nerve then ventral branches, leave ventral branches to merge and form phrenic nerve (bilaterally), axons of phrenic nerve terminate in neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibers of diaphragm