introducing - studies Flashcards

Question

Featherstone and Hepworth - Age

Answer 1

Media images of ageing and stereo-types can also create new identities, for example, the popularity of retro fashion and come-back tours from bands of the 70's and 80's, are trends that help to blur the boundaries in the life course.

Answer 2

The role of the homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics. He argued that once a male has accepted the label or identity of homosexual, he will start to fulfil the expectations so the label actually creates the behaviour.

Answer 3

Sexual identity is more complex than other aspects of identity. There are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity, but there are also people who do have same-sex sexual encounters who do not identify themselves as gay.

Answer 4

Male prostitutes or rent boys, regard themselves as hetro-sexual despite having sex with men for money. They actively despise the men as a way of neutralising their behaviour.

Answer 5

Womens sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society through institutions such as marriage which enforces compulsory hetro-sexuality. Women are socialised into a subordinate and hetro-sexual role ensuring their availability to men.

Answer 6

Legalised homosexuality but only in provate between two men, both of whom had attained the age of 21. The Act applied only to England and Wales and did not cover the Merchant Navy or Armed Forces. It is still illegal in over 70 countries and in some is punishable by death.

Answer 7

The age of consent for same sex couples was lowered to 16, the same as hetro-sexual age of consent.

Answer 8

Unlawful to discriminate against any individual on the grounds of sexuality.

Answer 9

A change in the law which meant that same-sex couples could legally marry for the first time. More than 1400 same sex marriages took place in the first 3 months after they were made legal.

Answer 10

Sees disability as a medical problem, focusing on the limitations caused by impairment. This approach leads to defining a disabled person by their disability or impairment.

Answer 11

Focuses on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist, such as the design of buildings and public spaces that deny access to those with mobility problems or discriminatory attitudes and practices against those with disabilities. Society is disabling and disability is a social construct.

Answer 12

Medical and social model are not separate, instead we should consider them as interlinked as both social and physical elements of disability impact our identity and experiences. We should consider a bio-social model.

Answer 13

Disabled people are often socialised into this way of seeing themselves through the medical model which is often victim blaming. They see themselves as victims of their own impairment.

Answer 14

Disabled people are often isolated from one another so forming strong collective identity is difficult. There is also a lack of positive role models in social life and the media.

Answer 15

2/3rds of people felt awkward talking to a disabled person. 43% of people don't know anyone who is disabled which is statistically unlikely. Some disabilities are more visible than others. Less than 1/5th of people have disabilities that are congenital (from birth).

Answer 16

The vocabulary that we use to describe ourselves is borrowed from discriminatory able bodied society. We are deformed, diseased, disabled, disordered, abnormal, and most telling of all, invalid.

Answer 17

A disabled person has the ability to construct a self identity that accepts their impairment but is independent to it. So they see themselves as a person first and see their disability as just one of their characteristics.

Answer 18

Legal protection and enforceable rights for disabled people.

Answer 19

Age and family socialise children into particular values including being obedient, loyal and respectful of elders. Respect for religion, using their mother tongue and obligation to extended kin.

Answer 20

Chinese families place particular emphasis on the value of education. They make sacrifices to make sure their children are successful at school.

Answer 21

Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people. British people don't let immigrants into their circles.

Answer 22

Despite trying to treat everyone fairly, teachers tend to perceive students differently due to their ethnicity. In particular, they often saw the behaviour of black students as a threat where no threat was intended. Black students are more likely to be punished, as a result there is a lot of tension between white teachers and black students.

Answer 23

Despite a big increase in the representation of ethnic minorities in the media, minorities are still overwhelmingly represented in negative ways.

Answer 24

Points out that young British Pakistanis see being Muslim as being more important than being Pakistani or British. Islam influences their identity in terms of their dress, diet, worship, behaviour and everyday routines. They may also use religion in a defensive way as a reaction to feeling excluded from white society.

Answer 25

Identity of black teenagers is focused on being hyper-male and gangster in the eyes of their peers. This highly masculine identity stresses being ultra confident and challenging authority. Sewell argues that this identity is to compensate for the absence of a father figure in many black families, the way the education system treats black youths and racism in wider society.

Answer 26

The white backlash against multiculturalism. Polices designed to achieve equality have been perceived as unfair to the white community and a working white class person under pressure economically, has often reacted with anger at perceived positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities.

Answer 27

Shows how many Chinese living in the UK are employed in the food and catering sector. This is connected to the importance of Chinese restaurants and takeaways. Also, over 1/3 of doctors in the NHS are described as Asian, this may link with the status that having a doctor in the family brings to Asian families.

Answer 28

the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK. They have cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also be divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism. however, in the UK,the common experience of racism had the effect of drawing African-Caribbeans together.

Answer 29

2nd and 3rd gen British Asians and found they adopt a dual identity because they inherit an Asian identity which is ascribed and they adopt a British one. he describes how asian youths adopt a 'white mask' so they can fit in with white people at school but they can show cultural difference when necessary.

Answer 30

found that although there are major differences between Asian and mainstream culture, young Asians can navigate between the two cultures with ease. they 'switch codes'. in their parents home they fit in to Asian expectations but outside they blend into mainstream lifestyles.

Answer 31

Studied young British Asian footballers and found they were strongly influenced by white and black teammates. In particular their identities were focused around designer clothes, and using alcohol and drugs. their ethnic identity was seen as a lower priority than their identity as a footballer and their main priority was fitting in.

Answer 32

studied Hindu and Sikh girls in the UK and described how they use 'compartmentalism' to cope with pressure from parents and racism in school. at home they wear traditional dress, speak Punjabi or Hindi, and act as a respectful daughter, but at school they wear English dress and are more assertive in their personalities like their English peers.

Answer 33

mixed ethnicity relationships. 2 out of 5 children born to a black parent also have a white parent. nearly 20% of British men and 10% of British women with Indian or Asian origins live with white partners.

Answer 34

there's a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience.

Answer 35

white, Asian and Black young people in south London and found a great deal of inter ethnic friendship, interaction, and cultural borrowing. new identities were being formed which brought black and white people closer together, blurring divisions of race.

Answer 36

different classes have different levels of economic, cultural and social capital. these are passed on from parents to children and affect the achievement and experience of children at school and university. working class children in uni feel like a fish out of water. the economic and social capital that a family has will be strongly linked to the occupations of the parents.

Answer 37

there is a strong relationship between teachers perceptions of a child ability and their social class. children from middle class backgrounds are much more likely to be placed into top sets and those from working class backgrounds to be placed in bottom sets.

Answer 38

Religion maintains class inequality. it reinforces and justifies hierarchy and is used to distract the working class from their oppression.

Answer 39

identified different peer groups that had developed in a school. these ted to be based around different social classes. for example t macho lads peer group were working class. they were placed in bottom sets, often misbehaved, and saw school work as feminine. their peer group was based around acting tough and looking after your mates.

Answer 40

middle class parents place more emphasis on the value of education than working class parents. the main factor being middle class achievement in education is the degree of parental interest and support

Answer 41

working class families value family life more than middle class families who may see work and career as more important. this may be because working class families gain less satisfaction from work and compensate by focusing their attention on the family.

Answer 42

women tend to be more spiritual and religious than men - types vary by class. working class women have beliefs in more passive religions with obscure forces beyond their control (fortune telling, superstition, astrology and charms) middle class tend to follow religions with more individual control and personal development (self-healing, meditation, Buddhism and Scientology)

Answer 43

key feature of upper class is their invisibility. they operate social closure meaning that their education, leisure time and daily lives are separated from and invisible to the rest of the population.

Answer 44

working class families are under represented and middle class families are over represented in the media. middle class parents portrayed as coping effectively with their problems. working class portrayed in comical ways as a figure of ridicule.

Answer 45

different classes use media differently. working class use use tv and video more than middle class. the higher the social class, the more concern about children using tv and video too much and more effort to control their use

Answer 46

Beiong part of the Bourgeoisie or the Proletariat was the main influence upon your life chances. the Bourgeoisie exploit the Proletariat. therefor class is a crucial factor in determining life chances

Answer 47

higher classes have more economic and social capital. culture of the higher classes is held in higher esteem. therefor they have more cultural capital. All three of these have a significant effect on life chances

Answer 48

society is based on meritocracy (hard work +ability = reward). money and status are awarded based on merit. they disagree that a persons social class is a significant factor in their life chances

Answer 49

class is much less influencialon our identities in todays society. people used to follow class-based activities but now lifestyles are more diverse and flexible. identities are based around consumption rather than production. how we spend our money rather than how we earn it

Answer 50

Decline in tyrade union memberships and the manufacturing sector, dispersal of working class communities, has eroded working class identities

Answer 51

Black people tend to be portrayed as criminal, especially in tabloid press and more recently as members of organised gangs.