Introductie en The Fundamentals of Life Flashcards

(33 cards)

1
Q

Prokaryoten verschillen onder andere van eukaryoten vanwege het niet bezitten van een kern. Noem nog 4 verschillen tussen deze twee soorten cellen.

A
Prokaryoten
• hebben geen organellen
• hebben geen celkern
• vormen nooit meercellige organismen
• hebben ringvormig DNA
• hebben geen intronen in hun genen
• hebben minder genen dan eukaryoten
• hebben geen uitgebreid cytoskelet
• zijn over het algemeen een stuk kleiner dan eukaryoten
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2
Q

Leg uit wat de endosymbiose-theorie van mitochondriën in houdt.

A

Een primitieve (waarschijnlijk anaerobe cel) eukaryote cel heeft (door endocytose) een bacterie (het latere mitochondrion) in zich opgenomen die ATP produceert door het oxideren van organische moleculen. Doordat de eukaryote cel een constante bron is van voedsel voor het mitochondrion en het mitochondrion op zijn beurt ATP produceert voor de cel, zijn beide partijen bij deze situatie gebaat bij en is de endosymbiose blijven bestaan.

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3
Q

Huidige cellen hebben overeenkomsten en verschillen. Noem 3 overeenkomsten en noem mogelijke 3 verschillen.

A
Overeenkomsten:
Informatie is opgeslagen in het DNA
Eiwitten zijn de functionele eenheden
De 'flow' van informatie loopt bij alle cellen van DNA via RNA naar Eiwit
Cellen bevattend dezelfde bouwstenen
Mogelijke verschillen:
Vorm
Functie
Grootte
Samenstelling
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4
Q

Organismen kunnen eencellig zijn of meercellig, noem van beide vormen 2 voordelen.

A

Eencellig: Snelle vermenigvuldiging (voortplanting); Lagere energie behoefte; Snellere evolutie; betere aanpassing aan veranderde leefomgeving (bijv resistentie tegen antibiotica, als je snel deelt is kans op mutaties groter en dus ook kans op een gunstige mutatie)
Meercellig: Differentiatie is mogelijk; Meer functionaliteit; geslachtelijke voortplanting daardoor meer genetische variatie dat is beter voor de soort.

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5
Q

Geef van 5 organellen een korte omschrijving van de belangrijkste functie van dat organel

A

Kern: Opslag van genetische informatie
Golgi complex: Biomoleculen chemisch modificeren tot functionele moleculen
Endoplasmatisch Reticulum (ruw, glad): Eiwit en membraanproductie
Mitochondrien: Energieproductie
Lysosomen: Afbraak van voedsel
Peroxisomen: reactievat voor afbraak dmv H2O2

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6
Q

Heeft elke cel van een zeer complex organisme op ieder moment zijn gehele genetische informatie nodig? Wat gebeurt er precies bij celspecialisatie?

A

Nee, bij celspecialisatie (differentiatie) worden genen aan of uitgezet ten opzichte van de beginsituatie, waardoor verschillen in vorm, samenstelling, grootte en functie kunnen optreden.

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7
Q

Wat is de functie van een actinefilament?

A

Contractiliteit

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8
Q

Wat is de functie van intermediaire filamenten?

A

Stevigheid

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9
Q

Wat is de functie van microtubuli?

A

Transport organellen & celdeling

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10
Q

Een definitie voor levende materie is: een eenheid die zelfstanding kan repliceren. Welke eenheid voldoet hieraan?

A

Cel

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11
Q

The function of a(n) _________ cell, which has a long, branched structure, requires many connections to be made with neighboring cells

A

Nerve
Nerve cells have long, branched protrusions that form many contacts with other cells. This allows communication between the nerve cells and the sending of signals.

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12
Q

Self-replication of living cells occurs through the catalytic action of

A

Proteins
To self-replicate, cells must first replicate their DNA, followed by division in two. DNA replication is performed by enzymes, which are proteins.

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13
Q

Mistakes in replicating the DNA of a cell before division can have which effects?

A

Positive, negative and neutral effects
Mistakes in the DNA sequence, depending on where they occur, can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on cell growth and survival. Changes that have positive effects on survival and reproduction can lead to the enrichment, called selection, of cells with that change in the population.

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14
Q

Are the genes in the genome of an adult organism silenced or exptressed?

A

They are expressed or silenced depending on whether a gene is needed in that cell type and environment.
The cells of an adult organism can be quite varied in their structure and function despite having the same information in their genome. Not all genes in the genome are expressed at all times, or in all cell types; some genes are expressed for specific purposes and might be unique for a particular type of cell or situation.

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15
Q

Which microscopy technique would allow the most detailed image showing the 3-D structure of a flagellum?

A

Scanning electron microscopy
Of all the microscopy techniques listed, electron microscopy provides the most high-resolution and detailed images. Scanning electron microscopy examines the outer surface of cell structures and gives a 3-D image.

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16
Q

Which microscopy technique allows the observation of living cells (i.e., NOT fixed cells)?

A

Fluorescence microscopy
Light microscopy, which also includes fluorescence microscopy, can be used to view living cells. Electron microscopy requires cell fixation and extensive preparation of the samples, which kills the cells.

17
Q

The defining property that differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells is their

A

lack of a nucleus.
Prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure and no membrane-bound organelles. There is no nucleus surrounding the DNA of prokaryotic cells.

18
Q

Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotic organisms are

A

more abundant and more widespread on Earth.
Prokaryotic organisms are everywhere, and they live in a very wide range of habitats on Earth, including some of the harshest environments on the planet.

19
Q

Archaea and bacteria are two separate domains of prokaryotes that were distinguished by examining

A

their DNA sequences
Archaea and bacteria are similar in size and cell appearance under a microscope, but they differ significantly in their genome sequences. Because they are both prokaryotes, they lack a nucleus and any organelles.

20
Q

The main function of the nucleus is to

A

house the DNA in a separate cell compartment.
DNA, in the form of chromosomes, is stored in the nucleus. Keeping the DNA separate from other cell components helps eukaryotic cells regulate access to the genetic information.

21
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion appears ___________ because it provides___________.

A

folded; a large surface area for staging energy production processes
In mitochondria, the outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is highly folded and convoluted. The proteins that are responsible for energy production via respiration are found in the inner membrane.

22
Q

One piece of evidence indicating that chloroplasts evolved from engulfed photosynthetic bacteria is

A

that they contain their own DNA.
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two. Both are thought to have evolved by symbiotic engulfed bacterial cells, but in two separate engulfment events.

23
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes both perform a series of reactions to break down molecules, but one difference between them is that

A

peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide.
Both peroxisomes and lysosomes are small organelles that break down materials, but lysosomes generally digest biomolecules like proteins so that the building blocks can be reused. Peroxisomes deactivate toxic materials, often using hydrogen peroxide.

24
Q

The cell components that move materials from one organelle to another are called

A

transport vesicles.
Transport vesicles are small membrane-bound compartments that bud off of one organelle, move to another organelle and fuse with it to release its contents into the interior.

25
The rules of which fundamental process were elucidated in the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)?
DNA replication The rules behind the process of DNA replication (as well as transcription and translation) were determined by experiments with the bacterial model organism E. coli. These simple prokaryotes are single-celled and do not have a cell cycle or mitosis, thus are best for studies of the most evolutionarily conserved cell processes.
26
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) is an excellent model for studying fundamentals of development because
many of the genes involved in the development of the fruit fly are also found in humans. Fruit flies have been studied for over a century, and their complex body plan can be manipulated genetically to uncover which genes govern development of which parts. Many of these genes have direct counterparts in the human genome.
27
If a gene sequence in one organism is highly similar to the sequence of another gene in another organism it is called
homologous. Gene sequences from one organism can be compared to another organism to see if they are homologous. Homology between genes (and thus also their protein products) strongly suggests that they evolved from a common ancestral gene.
28
A segment of DNA in the genome that is not a protein-coding gene
can be used to regulate gene activity. The genome of a complex organism is made up of protein-coding genes, sequences that encode functional RNAs, and regulatory sequences used to finely tune gene activity. Other DNA noncoding sequences seem to be unimportant to the cell, but we might just not understand their function yet.
29
Kennis over de cel:
Hooke 1665: Kurk bevat kamers: "Cellen" Van Leeuwenhoek 17e eeuw: Levende cellen onder microscoop met interne structuren. Schleiden/Schwann/Virchow 19e eeuw: “Celtheorie”
30
Celtheorie
- Al het leven bestaat uit cellen • Cellen zijn de kleinste structurele & functionele eenheden van leven • Cellen worden gevormd door de deling van eerder bestaande cellen (geen spontane generatie) • Cellen bevatten erfelijke informatie en geven die door aan dochtercellen • Cellen lijken biochemisch gezien erg op elkaar. • In elke cel wordt homeostase gehandhaafd
31
Noem drie microscopen en de grootte die zij zichtbaar kunnen maken
200 nm lichtmicroscoop 20 nm super resolution fluorescence microscope 0,2 nm elektronmicroscoop
32
Wat is het verschil tussen cytosol en cytoplasma
Het cytosol maakt deel uit van het cytoplasma, waartoe ook die mitochondriën, plastiden en andere organellen behoren. Het cytosol is dus een vloeibare matrix waarin de organellen zijn ingebed, en het cytoplasma verwijst naar de hele celinhoud.
33
What is the central dogma?
In all living cells, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation)